[{"id":275134,"date":"2026-08-11T05:09:03","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T09:09:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275134"},"modified":"2026-08-03T21:56:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:56:28","slug":"to-write-as-if-no-one-will-see-what-youve-written-why-the-short-story-wont-go-away","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/to-write-as-if-no-one-will-see-what-youve-written-why-the-short-story-wont-go-away\/","title":{"rendered":"To Write As If No One Will See What You\u2019ve Written: Why the Short Story Won\u2019t Go Away"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Every so often\u2014sometimes in October, when the annual <i>Best American Short Stories<\/i> anthology is published, or on the infrequent occasions when an iconic short story writer like George Saunders, Alice Munro, or Lydia Davis wins a major award\u2014an article appears asking a perennial question. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2018\/mar\/12\/short-story-cat-person-tom-hanks-jojo-moyes\"><i>The Guardian <\/i>put it in 2018<\/a>: \u201cWhat is a short story? Why should we read them?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>I find these articles amusing and also sad. They repeat a kind of ritual, not unlike the rituals you\u2019ll find in some of the most famous short stories, like Shirley Jackson\u2019s \u201cThe Lottery\u201d and Kafka\u2019s \u201cA Hunger Artist.\u201d A troubling object, or troubling person (or, in this case, a troubling genre) is put on display where we can see it and consider what to do with it. What is the problem with this thing? Why does it not fit? It arouses strange feelings in us\u2014pity, guilt, instinctual dislike, fidgety disapproval. Wouldn\u2019t it be easier just to get rid of it, dismiss it, smother it?<\/p>\n<p>One theory I have about the supposed public dislike of short stories is that people associate them with middle school English\u2014you\u2019re already dealing with warm cafeteria milk, training bras, a bit of lettuce caught in your braces, and then the teacher hands you a smudged copy of \u201cThe Lottery\u201d or \u201cThe Gift of the Magi\u201d or \u201cThe Telltale Heart\u201d and tells you to answer five questions about it by Monday. Nobody likes homework. Nobody associates it with pleasure.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">The short story\u2019s subversive power is inversely correlated to its popularity, even to its academic credibility.<\/p>\n<p>Short stories, like middle schoolers, are an awkward size. They don\u2019t fit easily in today\u2019s media landscape. Unlike personal essays and even poetry, they\u2019ve have never found a home on the Internet, despite many valiant attempts\u2014short story websites, podcasts, email newsletters, none of which have found much of an audience. There was a brief flash of hope when Kristen Roupenian\u2019s \u201cCat Person\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/books\/page-turner\/what-it-felt-like-when-cat-person-went-viral\">went viral in 2017<\/a>, but that was nearly a decade ago, and, like many things in our day and age, what could have been a trend was merely a moment.<\/p>\n<p>It doesn\u2019t seem fair, does it? Since you can read a short story in one sitting\u2014that\u2019s how Poe defined the short story in his essay \u201cThe Philosophy of Composition\u201d\u2014shouldn\u2019t that make people <i>more<\/i> eager to consume them, like <i>Modern Love<\/i> columns or <i>Gossip Girl <\/i>rewatch podcasts?<\/p>\n<p>In truth, short stories demand intense concentration, sometimes even a suspension of the normal rules of language, for a short period of time. It\u2019s hard to read one of them after another. It\u2019s hard to read them on your phone. They\u2019re not\u2014I think of this as a key problem\u2014relaxing. Of course, there are short stories that operate in all different levels of emotional intensity, but it\u2019s easy to understand why readers don\u2019t want to over-commit their attention. No one likes short films either, although if you happen to live near an art house theater that plays them, you\u2019ll be astonished at how good they are.<\/p>\n<p>If you look around at the way ordinary people actually consume narrative content these days, counter-intuitively, they like things relatively long. TV shows more than standalone feature films. Franchises, like <i>Dune<\/i> or <i>Spiderman<\/i>. Fantasy series that run into thousands of pages. Quantity, sheer mass, always seems to win out over intensity.<\/p>\n<p>Strangely this also applies to scholars of fiction, the very people you\u2019d think would take stories the most seriously. Outside of creative writing programs, very few literature professors teach classes on the short story, or write books about them. They study novels\u2014and only novels, as if shorter forms of fiction don\u2019t exist. Years ago I tried to convince W.W. Norton\u2014publisher of literary anthologies and textbooks on every conceivable subject\u2014to publish the first-ever anthology of short story theory and criticism and was told, \u201cThere\u2019s no audience for a book like that.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This, to me, signals the most important thing about short stories: even people who ought to know better are ashamed to be associated with them. The short story\u2019s subversive power is inversely correlated to its popularity, even to its academic credibility.<\/p>\n<p>If you think about great short story writers from the genre\u2019s short history, this begins to make sense. They\u2019re famous now, but while they were alive, writers like Poe, Kafka, Jorge Luis Borges, Heinrich von Kleist, Isaac Babel, Jane Bowles, Lu Xun, didn\u2019t win any popularity contests, to put it mildly. In some cases it\u2019s a miracle their work survived at all. Two of the greatest short story writers in my own personal pantheon, Bruno Schulz and Henry Dumas, were murdered by hostile governments in the prime of life\u2014Schulz by a Nazi commander in 1942, Dumas by the NYPD in 1968\u2014and were only rescued posthumously from total anonymity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Short story writers, in other words, are exactly what artists are supposed to be: Clear-eyed, realistic, fiercely independent, and at peace with their place at the margins of a culture that only occasionally, unpredictably, looks their way. <\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s for this reason that I always tell my students they should embrace the short story\u2019s obscurity, not for its own sake, but because it\u2019s a platform on which you can build almost anything. You could publish the nation\u2019s nuclear codes in a short story and it might take months for anyone to notice. You could\u2014as I did last year\u2014tell the story of how <a href=\"https:\/\/thebaffler.com\/stories\/the-assassination-of-henry-kissinger-row\">Henry Kissinger was secretly assassinated<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Short stories should be like that: wild, irresponsible, arrogant, defiant. When I asked some friends in the fiction business why they persist in writing short stories instead of (or in addition to) novels, Nicholas Montemarano summed up my thoughts more or less word for word: \u201cThere\u2019s something freeing about writing in genres that the culture at large doesn&#8217;t value much,\u201d he wrote. \u201cTo write as if no one will ever see what you&#8217;ve written.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Rion Amilcar Scott echoed the same antagonistic streak: \u201cI want to keep making the stubborn, perhaps erroneous, argument that a single story can be as powerful as a novel,\u201d he said, echoing Borges\u2019 famous (and perhaps apocryphal) line that the short story makes novels irrelevant. Manuel Mu\u00f1oz, who won a MacArthur \u201cGenius\u201d Award in 2023 for his short stories set in the Mexican-American communities of California\u2019s Central Valley, told me, \u201cGiven who\/where\/what I write about, I was always realistic and clear-eyed about critical attention, publication, and readership size. It matters more to me to do what engages my mind and my heart in full. And that\u2019s always been the story.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But perhaps (as she often does) Carmen Maria Machado said it best: \u201cThey\u2019re my natural form,\u201d she wrote. \u201cI think in short stories.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Short story writers, in other words, are exactly what artists are supposed to be: Clear-eyed, realistic, fiercely independent, and at peace with their place at the margins of a culture that only occasionally, unpredictably, looks their way. Come find us, they say. Don\u2019t expect us to come looking for you. Seriously: you have no idea what you\u2019re missing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">______________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275135\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/to-write-as-if-no-one-will-see-what-youve-written-why-the-short-story-wont-go-away\/storyknife-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"350,527\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"storyknife (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275135\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1-40x60.jpg 40w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/storyknife-1.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780062400673\">Storyknife<\/a> <em>by Jess Row is available from Ecco, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Every so often\u2014sometimes in October, when the annual Best American Short Stories anthology is published, or on the infrequent occasions when an iconic short story writer like George Saunders, Alice Munro, or Lydia Davis wins a major award\u2014an article appears<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4490,"featured_media":275205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43069,6,43070],"tags":[2945,56926,3551,1547,188,111539],"class_list":["post-275134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-craftandcriticism","category-features","category-literary-criticism","tag-ecco","tag-harpercollins-publishers","tag-jess-row","tag-short-fiction","tag-short-stories","tag-storyknife","story-type-short-stories"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19zE","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/typewriter-1.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4490"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275134"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275134\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275207,"date":"2026-08-11T05:05:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T09:05:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275207"},"modified":"2026-08-03T22:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T02:13:50","slug":"esther-kinsky-on-is-beauty-good-the-novel-by-rosalind-belben","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/esther-kinsky-on-is-beauty-good-the-novel-by-rosalind-belben\/","title":{"rendered":"Esther Kinsky on <em>Is Beauty Good<\/em>, the Novel by Rosalind Belben"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Many years ago I spent a summer in southeastern Poland. One day, on a hike, I came upon a gathering in the late morning sun. A group of people had assembled on a meadow just outside a village, an audience in waiting as it turned out, standing quietly against the backdrop of the Tatra Mountains. The craggy scarps were distant and blue, afloat in the thin dove-grey haze of early September. The musicians were arriving, one by one. All of them men, each of them with a moustache, most of them elderly\u2014or so it seemed to me at the time.<\/p>\n<p>Some of them carried battered black instrument bags, others came cradling their shiny trumpets, French horns and trombones in their arms. A brass band. They all wore stiff dark woollen clothes, too warm for the season and the sun, I thought. And they wore hats, at least that\u2019s what my memory tells me now, black bucket-style hats, perhaps made from felt, water-repellent and cosy, suitable for all sorts of outdoor pursuits. It took a while for each musician to take up his place at the bottom of a gentle slope facing the audience. Everybody apart from me seemed local. They knew what to expect. Occasionally someone in the audience shouted encouragement or the name of a piece of music they wished\u00a0 to hear, or maybe a joke, or whatever their tradition may have recommended for the occasion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">The most striking feature of their music seemed to me its embrace of a certain dissonance, its reliance on an element of friction which was never jarring.<\/p>\n<p>I had so far shunned brass bands and wouldn\u2019t be able to say why my curiosity prevailed there and then. But soon I realised that not just the outfits and scenery set them apart from the parades I had occasionally happened on when I was a child in West Germany. No stomping rhythms here, no shrill blasts in unison, no sweaty masculinity souring the air, no red faces. Each of the men in their dark woollen outfits spun his own thread of sound, and each of them knew how to weave his recognisable thread into the shared texture of a melody. The most striking feature of their music seemed to me its embrace of a certain dissonance, its reliance on an element of friction which was never jarring.<\/p>\n<p>Rather, it emphasised a melancholy undercurrent that was anchored not in the melody but in the tiny tonal interstices which opened up where the tuning diverged ever so slightly, little gaps and cracks, each telling their own wordless tales of some past or present affliction and sorrow. It was an unexpected lesson in dissonance as an ingredient of beauty.<\/p>\n<p>As I read \u2018Air Ride\u2019, the second chapter of her novel, it was perhaps this element of dissonance in Rosalind Belben\u2019s writing that brought back my memories of the brass band in rural Poland many decades earlier. There were no gondolas in Poland, no gleaming tubas in the sunshine as far as I remember, but there was nature (whatever that may mean these days), there was landscape, there were mountains, there was history, and with history inevitably also melancholy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Beauty is a concept as vast as it is vague.<\/p>\n<p>In borderlands the ground is always disturbed by history, and south-eastern Poland is no exception. Traces of fight ing, oppression, destruction and of the unspeakable horrors of genocide overlap and mingle. Everything is infused with melancholy, the unfailing indicator of the fundamental rift between humans and their natural environment. The talkative protagonist in this chapter tries to find the language for this very rift: \u2018Nature listens, but nature is helpless to act, nature is at the mercy.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>At the mercy of what? The sentence trails off. History comes into the picture (\u2018These mountains have seen a lot of fighting\u2019), as does human unwillingness, or inability, to listen to something other than one\u2019s own voice. However poignant the speaker\u2019s statements, they leave gaps, they\u2019re unfinished, disjointed, dissonant, marked by omissions. Lacunae have a poetic weight of their own. Through the cracks in Sepp the tuba player\u2019s monologue, readers may try to catch a glimpse of the taciturn listener stuck in the gondola with him. The gondola swings back and forth and \u2018swims\u2019 when Sepp gets agitated. \u2018Air Ride\u2019 echoes across the Alpine scenery as air raid; a traumatic past and an unresolved conflict are mentioned without being specified. Other chapters\u2014such as \u2018The Summer Child\u2019\u2014suggest a scenery and events associated with Alto Adige and its fraught history of being torn between Austria and Italy.<\/p>\n<p>In \u2018Air Ride\u2019, the narrator\u2019s\u2014and apparent interlocutor\u2019s\u2014consistent silence emphasises the erratic nature of Sepp\u2019s elaborations on beauty, music, frocks and landscape. The absence of an exchange leaves the reader fingering loose threads and, in the absence of plot, listening into tonal shifts and ruptures. Loose threads are a feature of Belben\u2019s writing; they match the dissonances and, like them, eventually turn out to be the most important part of the fabric.<\/p>\n<p>The title of the novel\u2014and is it a novel? I did ask myself from time to time\u2014mentions beauty. Beauty is a concept as vast as it is vague. It raises questions. Where do we begin with a definition? Do we need one? It is treacherous terrain in the absence of a consensus about the norms defining beauty. Guides for the aesthetically perplexed have lost their meaning. Concepts of the beautiful diverge as much as concepts of what is \u2018good\u2019 in an ethical sense. Nature as environment, as landscape, as a force beyond the rational, and as a place where beauty and a primeval absence of bad intentions come together, has become either a commodity or an endangered space. Disturbance, distortion, destruction are the words that come to mind when we think of nature today.<\/p>\n<p>Belben\u2019s novel, however, originally published in 1989, doesn\u2019t seem to be concerned with a definition of beauty. Is beauty good, asks the title. Or does it? Is the absence of a question mark of significance? Is it a question at all? Or is it perhaps just a frame, a mock window offering a view of fragmented and occasionally absurd scenes located somewhere between nature, goodness and the beauty of humans, dogs and horses? These scenes are not designed to accommodate readers\u2019 expectations of a storyline: what holds them together is language, individual words which, not unlike fairy-tale pebbles, help the reader to navigate the changing texture of the narrative.<\/p>\n<p>The chapters seem like episodes, or fragments of episodes spread out like pieces of a puzzle, with a lot of blank space between them. There are fields of white silence, fertile ground for the imagination to shift them around, find matches or mismatches, wonder about sequences or connections. Questions around beauty and longing recur, as do keywords (such as \u2018password\u2019), names, references and scenic features, but what fascinated me most is that in principle each episode could be read as a little patchy universe on its own. There is Fritz wondering about the effect of beauty on mind and soul on his daily tram journeys in a city that seems to be Berlin.<\/p>\n<p>Apparently he is a guard at the Berlin Wall, observing passing pedestrians through his binoculars. Regardless of the oppression his job has come to stand for, he is concerned with questions of beauty and its potential uselessness. Wouldn\u2019t it be wiser to inure oneself to aesthetic sensibilities? To sail through life unbothered by what one sees outside, taking pleasure in little private comforts (coffee, biscuits, cake after work) without being enraptured by beauty and insulted by ugliness? \u2018There is little that is moral about beauty,\u2019 Fritz declares. \u2018Is beauty good?\u2019 he asks, but what he really seems to mean is: what good is beauty? His utilitarian pondering has a ring of fundamental hopelessness, but it points the reader in an interesting direction: is there a connection between beauty and hope? And would that make beauty good? Does it matter?<\/p>\n<p>Two chapters later, a man called Kai remembers Fritz\u2019s musings when he\u2019s asked to come up with a password in a military context. \u2018Is beauty good,\u2019 he proposes, and his suggestion is approved and welcomed by his comrades with a hearty laugh. Both his suggestion and the jolly appreciation seem out of tune with the situation \u2018far from home\u2019, which may be a military manoeuvre involving mock battles and bayonet practice, or a preparation for actual combat. The reader won\u2019t find out. Kai embarks on meandering reflections reminiscent of Sepp the tuba player.<\/p>\n<p>He\u2019s less concerned with the ethical potential of beauty than with a soldier\u2019s reading of landscape as a place for shelter, inspired by associations with the female body. The keyword here is longing. \u2018Human beings are so full of longings,\u2019 remarks Kai towards the end of the chapter \u2018Tears for Streams\u2019. While beauty remains elusive and evades definition, it is longing which emerges as the real motor of life. Longing is the Insatiable Wheel of the title of this first part of the novel, the little boy pedalling his tricycle at breakneck speed towards the mountains, again and again, no matter how o!en he is intercepted and taken back home:<\/p>\n<p>The third child, says the peasant in broad dialect, has a little tricycle, a toy thing for very small children, and he goes pedalling off on it, for miles and miles, at the age of three, when no one is looking, he has the urge to pedal miles, to the mountains, at the age of three, on a baby\u2019s tricycle; and the old dog always goes with him; I meet him miles from home, pedalling along like a fury, and the dog running alongside, he slips out when no one is looking, and the dog like his shadow [. . .] I call to him, Franzi, was machst du hier?, wohin?, and he smiles radiantly, not naughtily or guiltily, and says in his baby voice, bicycling, to the mountains he says, and the old dog too; and I try to explain it\u2019s dangerous, he\u2019s too young to be out in the country miles from home alone, and he smiles, and smiles, and there\u2019s no stopping him; it\u2019s my wheel, he says, my wheel is hungry, it eats and I can\u2019t stop it, it\u2019s terribly hungry, me and the dog takes it out to eat; and he waves to me, cheerfully he waves to me, a three-year-old, and off he pedals . . .<\/p>\n<p>His gaze remains fixed on what he perceives as perfect beauty. The pedalling boy who never gets to where he wants to be is human longing personified. But where there is longing, there is also hope.<\/p>\n<p>The characters in the novel are not introduced: they happen, and they talk. There is a polyphony of reflections, impressions, snippets of memories, of conversations, musings and observations, occasionally taking the reader to the edge of puzzling situations and predicaments whose significance may gradually, partially, come to light in the course of the novel. There is a constant sense of movement, of visions and voices converging, diverging, allowing gaps and silences, but also a sense of subterranean connectedness.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">And with every new miraculous pattern apparently forming naturally, we are more inclined to hope that beauty can be good.<\/p>\n<p>As a reader, occasionally unsure whether I was reading stories or a novel, I couldn\u2019t help thinking of a microscopic web of filaments running underneath the textual surface, much like a network of mycelia manifesting itself in the occasional fruiting body of a mushroom but being in itself infinitely vaster and stronger than those manifestations. The voices and visions play tricks and offer surprises, and there\u2019s a sense of humour even when tragedy is lurking in the wings. But they also expose fundamental problems of communication, the vulnerability and inconsistency of our common currency of language, its help lessness. Belben\u2019s writing catches something at the root of human existence, a state between dream and reason where all sense of belonging is suspended, making way for longing to define the self. It is also a state between words, concerned with the tiny stillnesses, the white spaces harbouring endless\u00a0possibilities without which language couldn\u2019t exist.<\/p>\n<p>The novel is set mostly outside Britain, partly in Berlin (West Berlin at the time), partly in Alpine regions where German is spoken. Occasionally German words and expressions crop up, without comment or translation. One thread that runs through the entire novel is an element of <i>Fremde <\/i>between the lines. <i>Fremde <\/i>is a German word, difficult to translate, although it shares its root with the English \u2018from\u2019 and originally just meant \u2018coming from another place\u2019. In its modern meaning it sits somewhere between strange and foreign and alien, a quality that strikes me as the perfect definition of what makes Belben\u2019s writing timeless. The various voices in the chapters of this novel develop into a choir defined by dissonances which shi&#8221; and go round in circles.<\/p>\n<p>Surprisingly, I came across Rosalind Belben\u2019s work only very recently. Her poetic wit, her sense of the absurd and, above all, her subtle sense of <i>Fremde <\/i>as a way of being in the world is something I was missing in English literature at the time when this book was first published. Perhaps, having just arrived in the UK from Europe, I was looking in other literary directions. <i>Fremde <\/i>is a much underrated feature of human life, and Belben\u2019s engagement with it is something every reader can benefit from, aesthetically as well as ethically. Reading her writing, I was sometimes reminded of a kaleidoscope in all its deceptive simplicity: a cardboard tube with mirrors and colourful shards at one end, the shards rearranging themselves into dazzling new patterns with every turn of the tube. And with every new miraculous pattern apparently forming naturally, we are more inclined to hope that beauty can be good.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\">__________________________________<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275208\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/esther-kinsky-on-is-beauty-good-the-novel-by-rosalind-belben\/is-beauty-good\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"1500,2400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"is beauty good\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-640x1024.jpeg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275208 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-188x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-188x300.jpeg 188w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-640x1024.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-768x1229.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-38x60.jpeg 38w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-960x1536.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-1280x2048.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-31x50.jpeg 31w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good.jpeg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>From <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyrb.com\/products\/is-beauty-good\">Is Beauty Good<\/a><i>. Used with the permission of the publisher, New York Review of Books. Copyright \u00a9 2026\u00a0by Rosalind Belben, introduction by Esther Kinsky<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many years ago I spent a summer in southeastern Poland. One day, on a hike, I came upon a gathering in the late morning sun. A group of people had assembled on a meadow just outside a village, an audience<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31478,"featured_media":275209,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43069,6,43070,43092],"tags":[828,8815,39828,111576,34,6963,93256,1341],"class_list":["post-275207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-craftandcriticism","category-features","category-literary-criticism","category-newsandculture","tag-art","tag-beauty","tag-esther-kinsky","tag-is-beauty-good","tag-music","tag-new-york-review-of-books","tag-rosalind-belben","tag-writing"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19AP","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/is-beauty-good-banner.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31478"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275207"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275207\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275207"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275310,"date":"2026-08-11T04:55:40","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T08:55:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275310"},"modified":"2026-08-10T21:15:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T01:15:17","slug":"the-responsible-party","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/the-responsible-party\/","title":{"rendered":"The Responsible Party"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By the time Irv and Kath met, the Oberbach Corporation was ankle-deep in concrete, middle-manning the cheap Chinese labor the city needed to build its demonic underground highway along the river. Irv, a third-generation scion groomed to take over for his father, had been banned from the company\u2019s construction sites in 1968, after arriving at a ground-breaking ceremony at the future site of a nuclear shelter, a government contract, with two ounces of weed taped to the underside of his hard hat. After that, Irv\u2019s two kid brothers\u2014boys with moneyed, humiliating names like Jasper and Ramsay\u2014assumed leadership. The younger Oberbachs would helm the business for twenty years, until their indictments for masterminding a Midwest-wide salt-looting scheme wherein the company\u2019s private contractors covertly siphoned three hundred tons of snow-melt salt from the nippled government silos that dot I-80. Irv\u2019s liquid cash had evaporated by his thirty-fifth birthday, but he held onto relics of the good life. For a while, he had a guy on retainer to lacquer his thirty-four-foot Chris-Craft with a high-gloss wood polish. Varnish didn\u2019t keep the boat from sinking. He loved to party, but his coke habit was limited to what he could mooch off others. Property taxes and invasive ivy ate up his mother\u2019s big house on the North Shore, and he was no longer welcome at the Drake, so he rented a condemned lighthouse four hundred yards from the shoreline of Lake Michigan from the Coast Guard for one dollar a month.<\/p>\n<p>Irving\u2019s lighthouse, built for the 1893 World\u2019s Fair, was salt crusted, wind battered, and timeworn, at once a shithole and a feat of civil engineering. Its ground floor resembled a storybook cottage with a red roof, dragged from an idyll and plopped onto a twenty-foot-high foundation made of reinforced steel, concrete, and riprap rock. A cylindrical turret jutted through the middle of the house, studded with paned windows all the way up to the balconied lantern room. By 1971, most of the column\u2019s rotten tin panels had peeled away like fallen leaves off a half-dead oak, their edges sharp enough to deliver a slice of death to whomever stood below.<\/p>\n<p>Kath sat on a boulder as her seasickness wound down. Someone had left a speckled enamel mug on the rock, and she sniffed its contents. An air freshener\u2013flavored drink. It didn\u2019t need ice. She tasted it, and her best guess was a cocktail of orange Kool-Aid powder dissolved in Seagram\u2019s. She quaffed until the mug went empty. In an age when texting your fake Canadian boyfriend to look busy was not yet a viable option, she busied her thumbs with other projects. She loosened her wet bandage, poked at the bubble wrap blister that had refilled on her palm since the night before, and rewound it with the same dirty gauze. <em>My Lady Clam <\/em>bobbed in the water, which didn\u2019t look so turbulent from where Kath sat. <em>Go ahead<\/em>, the boat\u2019s nodding seemed to confirm.<\/p>\n<p>She followed the wooden walkway up to the lighthouse with a half-drunken stride, while the whacking bass from a stereo receiver shook the slats. When she summitted the steps, the lighthouse was only ten feet away on a patch of dead grass half the size of a football field. Its front door was six inches too short for its frame and outfitted with a bathroom push knob instead of a lever handle, almost as if the original slab had been blown from its casing by an internal explosion. Wet heat frizzled her dry lungs as she entered.<\/p>\n<p>Just past the vestibule, party guests undulated to a runaway groove on a fifteen-foot-wide dance floor. Their sodden footprint mazes cropped up then disappeared across the cement. In the center of the room, a few feet from the spiral staircase covered in chili pepper string lights, a dozen people simmered in the navel-high spa waters of a cylindrical tub. Chemical steam rose from the water so that Kath couldn\u2019t see any of their faces. The plastic fronds of a six-foot-tall blowup palm tree shaded the tubbers\u2019 heads, and a folding beach lounger sat unattended nearby. Despite the flow of cold air from the gap in the doorjamb, every first-floor window dripped with condensation.<\/p>\n<p>Four bulbs of a Medusa lamp backlit the makeshift bar wedged underneath the staircase. Its other four necks expanded upward to call attention to a gallery wall. The largest hung work was an aluminum sign illustrating CPR techniques, a relic the Coast Guard hadn\u2019t been able to pry from the wall before they vacated. Next to that, a rusted Oberbach Corporation sign, a family portrait taken in a Wild West photo booth at a carnival, and what looked like a child\u2019s oil pastel drawing of a boat, framed and signed <em>I. Oberbach, 1965<\/em>. Kath had been expecting glamour, but in ambient lighting, the function\u2019s loucheness seemed romantic. About fifty people writhed alongside her in this room, and they all looked beautiful. She didn\u2019t see Irv or Marcy anywhere. Kath envisioned them disappearing together, and she briefly considered turning around and waiting on the <em>Clam <\/em>until Uncle Jimmy took another trip to the mainland. But then her hand throbbed once to remind her why she\u2019d embarked, and she made her way toward the unmanned bar. The 1960s were over, which is why Kath regretted plugging her nose and wiggling her bad hand in the air to do the Swim as she cut through the dance floor. A girl at least five years older, wearing a nautical minidress and two black pigtails, extended Kath grace, backstroking behind until they reached the bar. Directly above them, a handwritten sign had been taped to the railing just before the second-floor landing: <em>KEEP IT MOVING<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYour jacket is hilarious,\u201d the girl told her. The outline of her wet triangle bikini bled through the bust of her dress.<\/p>\n<p>A hive pattern surfaced on Kath\u2019s back in the shape of the tiny pair of jeans. She had not intended the look as novelty wear, but now that every other girl had shed her winter coat, Marcy\u2019s loaner denim seemed babyish and ridiculous.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat are you drinking?\u201d the girl asked.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m not sure,\u201d Kath said. She picked up an abandoned brandy snifter teeming with brown liquid from the bar and held it out for the girl to sniff.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCan I have half?\u201d she asked. Kath gave her the okay, and the girl took a long chug.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHave you seen Irving?\u201d Kath asked when she was finished.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWho\u2019s that?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe guy who lives here.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSomeone lives here?\u201d the girl said. \u201cThat is too wild.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kath kept it moving. A small hallway with a sink branched off from the main room, the corridor impenetrable until the gravitational pull of the clouded moon shifted a current of bodies to grant her access to the butler\u2019s pantry. The doors on each cabinet lining the tapered hallway had been removed from their hinges, and the open shelves displayed empty wine bottles like youth sports trophies. Beef bouillon and oregano were the only canisters on a long-forgotten mountain spice rack above the sink. She leaned on the counter, studying each jar\u2019s label, hoping she looked engrossed while waiting for the most recent doses of liquor to hit her bloodstream.<\/p>\n<p>Beyond the butler\u2019s pantry was a kitchen crowded with whooping men. Kath could only see the backs of their bowl cuts. As she read oregano\u2019s ingredient list a second time (INGREDIENTS: OREGANO), hot breath closed its hand around the back of her neck, and she whipped around, ready to fight. Uncle Jimmy, holding two beers and a bottle opener shaped like mermaid genitalia, stood in front of her. He still carried his duffel bag, but he\u2019d removed all of his jackets. Underneath his waders, he wore a short-sleeved T-shirt that showed off a forearm tattoo of a grinning devil in a pith helmet napping under a palm tree.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEnjoying yourself?\u201d he asked.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHaving a blast in space,\u201d Kath said, drunk now. She touched her cheek with the back of her right hand to confirm. Hot pink.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cRight on,\u201d he said. \u201cLeave it to Irv, the consummate host.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHow does he live here?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Coast Guard considers him an employee, I think. The keeper of the lighthouse,\u201d Jimmy said. \u201cHe got the boat for cheap, but he can\u2019t drive her, not legally. So I help out.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He filled her in on some details of the arrangement, though the story didn\u2019t explain why Uncle Jimmy was permitted to pilot civilians with open containers back and forth to the lighthouse in November. It wasn\u2019t what Kath was asking, anyway.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI meant, how does he survive here?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Uncle Jimmy laughed. \u201cHe can see the harbor parking lot from the second story,\u201d he said. \u201cHe\u2019s tougher than he looks, though. He\u2019s got running water, except when he doesn\u2019t. Iodine tabs work fine. I bring him groceries once a week, more if he\u2019s hosting.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Jimmy rubbed beer foam off his mustache, and Kath thought of the drunken Norwegian boatman who sank Fanny\u2019s ship.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIs that why they call you Uncle Jimmy?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The kitchen men restarted their cheering as if someone in there was doing stage magic, and Uncle Jimmy leaned closer so he could be heard. \u201cNah. When I was nineteen, way before I knew Irv, I adopted my cousin who was fourteen months younger than me.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhy did you do that?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe both needed a roommate,\u201d Jimmy said. Mysterious. \u201cListen, I wanted to say this earlier, but we didn\u2019t have time. Last night was an accident, but it\u2019s unacceptable. He gets far too lost in the sauce and often can\u2019t find his way back.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s fine,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s really not. I\u2019ve spoken to Irv, and he\u2019s going to make it right. How\u2019s your hand?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kath laid her left hand on the countertop and played a coy peek-a-boo game with the bandage. When she peeled back the gauze, her palm resembled a charred personal pan pizza stripped of its cheese. A mossy cushion of gray fuzz had sprouted from the depressions of the scorch marks. In this light, it was impossible to tell if it was sweater lint or a fungal infection. She resheathed quickly, embarrassed.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOof,\u201d he said. \u201cWell. I brought you something that should help.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou brought me a present?\u201d Nobody had ever done that. \u201cYeah. It\u2019s not sexy, but it works,\u201d he said, unzipping a side pocket on his duffel and pulling out a tube of paste cratered in the middle with the indentation of a squeezing hand. \u201cIt\u2019s silver sulfadiazine. Use it twice a day. It\u2019ll keep you fresh.\u201d \u201cOn my teeth?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNo, don\u2019t ingest it. Tastes like Indian Head pennies. Spread it on the burn,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIs it legal?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He laughed again, but Kath had never heard of such a thing. I have. Silver sulfadiazine is a topical cream made of suspended silver ions that slowly release to kill bacterial cells on burns. Effective, but not prescribed much anymore since the invention of hydrocolloid bandages. Colloidal silver, the suspension of metallic nanoparticles in water that ruined my career, is alleged to function similarly. Invented before modern antibiotics, the tincture has recently experienced a renaissance as a popular antiviral recommendation among the organ meat set. That\u2019s not where I heard about it, though. The cod oil\u2013pushing acupuncturist, who I suppose has gone full MAGA in the intervening years, taught me about it.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDo you want to play pong?\u201d Uncle Jimmy asked her.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat\u2019s that?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The longer Uncle Jimmy elucidated the rules, the more he sounded like Ron. Kath wasn\u2019t an aural learner. She declined.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou don\u2019t have to be nice to me because of my burn,\u201d she told him. \u201cI\u2019m good. I\u2019m just waiting for my friend to come back from the bathroom.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMarcy? You know she\u2019s over there playing,\u201d Uncle Jimmy gestured to the kitchen. \u201cNot much of an arm on her, but her trash talk is really something. She\u2019s hurting everyone\u2019s feelings.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cShe can turn at any time.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI do see why you\u2019re pals,\u201d he said, then poked Kath in the squishy part between her ribs and belly button. Liquid squelched aloud in her belly. Uncle Jimmy held out his hand, and she slapped it five with her good one. Their clammy palms suctioned together in the dank atmosphere before they pulled apart with a loud <em>pop!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The curtain of bang\u00e8d men parted for Uncle Jimmy as Kath followed close behind. Marcy had her hair tied up with a bow made from nylon cord and was bent over a fold-up kitchen counter rearranging wet garbage. Two of the men, beef-fed and blond, chugged beers on their knees on the other side of the workstation. Ten others looked on. When Marcy had arranged a crooked triangle of Dixie cups and sherbet dishes in front of her, she looked up and saw Kath, then beckoned her over.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is Willy and Gareth,\u201d Marcy said, pointing to the guzzlers on the floor.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHowdy,\u201d one said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy name\u2019s Billy,\u201d the other said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSorry, guy,\u201d Marcy said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou got my name wrong but remembered Gareth\u2019s?\u201d he asked.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGareth sucks shit.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI thought it was countercultural,\u201d Marcy said. The guys around her went <em>ohh! <\/em>\u201cBilly, get up. You\u2019re gonna be Kath\u2019s partner.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Billy obeyed and stood next to Kath, and Marcy dictated the terms of play. Kath is competitive only about things that matter, like logging steps or shaving her legs, and the game had no bearing on her reality. She participated because, any minute now, she expected Irving to maunder into the kitchen and ask her to stand close to him in a dark alcove. Uncle Jimmy hung back by the drippy windows at the rear of the kitchen nursing a Schlitz.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYour turn,\u201d Billy said, handing her a wet ping-pong ball.<\/p>\n<p>She overshot the ball every round, but her partner didn\u2019t seem to care. Kath understood something essential about womanhood then, that she was allowed to be stupid about certain concepts because she was a girl, even one with the wrong type of face who hated the outfit she\u2019d showed up in.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne hander!\u201d she said at one point, like that was a feat, and all the guys laughed.<\/p>\n<p>By the second round, a new set of male athletes had subbed in, but Kath and Marcy got to continue playing. The bush leaguers demonstrated backhand throws and bounce shots and called their opponents <em>homo <\/em>and <em>faggot <\/em>years before the reclamation of those words\u2014grown men, not high schoolers, all either dead or doctors by now. Kath had to admit their enthusiasm was contagious, and as the clock ran out and reset without consequence, she shared ideas for streamlining gameplay. They heard her out, let her innovate. She hadn\u2019t procured this much power since the night before when Irv forked over all his money and pills.<\/p>\n<p>At the end of the third set, Gareth whispered into Marcy\u2019s ear across the table, and her face took on a look of revulsion. She set her ping-pong ball down and walked away. The ball rolled to the sticky floor, littered with crushed six-pack carriers and a fine layer of winter sludge, and two competitors dove to fetch it.<\/p>\n<p>Marcy let them scrap on the floor as she walked away from the game, intending to grab Kath on her way out. \u201cI\u2019m going to the bathroom,\u201d she said. She blinked bright red, fighting tears.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSee ya,\u201d Kath said, one eye closed. She held the ball at eye level with a shrimp claw hand and practiced her wrist flick.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou\u2019re coming with me.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne sec,\u201d Kath told her. \u201cI\u2019m a complete jock over here.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re going now,\u201d Marcy said. Her voice trembled.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMarcy, if you give me two minutes to finish up here, I promise to jostle the tampon up in there for you,\u201d Kath said.<\/p>\n<p>All the guys <em>ooh<\/em>ed this time instead of <em>ohh<\/em>ing. Kath threw the ball and hit the window. When she made time to look at Marcy, her friend was shoving through the crowd.<\/p>\n<p>Without Marcy, the game wasn\u2019t fun. When Uncle Jimmy\u2019s walkie-talkie mumbled and he declared that he was taking <em>My Lady Clam <\/em>for a spin back to shore to pick up more guests, he cut a path through the men as she followed him out the same way that they entered. Kath wasn\u2019t leaving. She was just getting started. The time had come for her to find Irving.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGotta go, fellas,\u201d she told the pong men. One of them said something about her fingering Marcy in the bathroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou ought to try it some time,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<p>Everyone cheered. Kath was drunk enough to get the laughs she craved at home, and that was all she needed. Luck was with her as she proceeded through the bulwark of humidity that insulated the hot tub room. Her timing was precise. Behind the bar, the object of her fascination stood in a pair of duck boots, maroon swim trunks, and yesterday\u2019s Fair Isle pullover taut against his tummy. His hands were a nonstop party, shooting finger guns and patriotic salutes to his attendees. Irv\u2019s face read older under the red string lights than it had in the butter-yellow fluorescence of the Oberbach Woods McDonald\u2019s, but Kath thought he looked stately, like a country club lifeguard. She approached head-on.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\">__________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>From <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781250408631\">The Responsible Party<\/a><em> by Claire Carusillo<\/em><em>.\u00a0Published by Henry Holt and Company. Copyright \u00a9 2026 by Claire Carusillo. All rights\u00a0reserved.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By the time Irv and Kath met, the Oberbach Corporation was ankle-deep in concrete, middle-manning the cheap Chinese labor the city needed to build its demonic underground highway along the river. Irv, a third-generation scion groomed to take over for<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":275311,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[25508,3,43074,43076,26764],"tags":[111613,4262,111614],"class_list":["post-275310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-fiction","category-excerpts","category-fictionandpoetry","category-from-the-novel","category-novels","tag-claire-carusillo","tag-henry-holt-and-co","tag-the-responsible-party","story-type-daily-fiction"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19Cu","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/9781250408631-scaled.avif","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/63"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275310"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275310\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275512,"date":"2026-08-11T04:01:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T08:01:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275512"},"modified":"2026-08-12T05:12:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T09:12:40","slug":"rachel-syme-loves-a-good-yarn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/rachel-syme-loves-a-good-yarn\/","title":{"rendered":"Rachel Syme Loves a Good Yarn"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Welcome to Season Four of The Critic and Her Publics: The Art of the Interview. This season, host Merve Emre talks with professional interviewers of all kinds about how they get the answer they&#8217;re looking for, what makes a good question, how do you listen for what&#8217;s unsaid, and how hard do you have to push someone before they say something new? <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Subscribe to <\/strong><\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/link.chtbl.com\/tcahp\"><strong>The Critic and Her Publics<\/strong><\/a><em><strong>, available wherever you get your podcasts!<\/strong><\/em><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe style=\"width: 100%; height: 200px; border: 0 none;\" src=\"https:\/\/art19.com\/shows\/e2dec8ed-68d4-4c0a-bd4f-d022abd2c95f\/episodes\/f6e720c4-96cb-4044-94d7-102a8b4b0f42\/embed\" scrolling=\"no\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>From the episode: <\/em>&#8220;Rachel Syme has interviewed all the grand dames of New York and Los Angeles: she&#8217;s had Cosmos with Carol Burnett, she&#8217;s accompanied Sarah Jessica Parker to the ballet, she&#8217;s shopped with Parker Posey at Rachel Comey, she&#8217;s Skyped with Patti LuPone and gabbed with Barbra Streisand on her landline. At a time when the glossy profile feels hopelessly compromised, Rachel uses her deep knowledge of musicals, fashion, and old Hollywood to put meat on the bones of fame and fortune\u2014and Rachel loves a good yarn. Our conversation was full of behind-the-scenes stories, showing how an interview can transform a mere celebrity into an icon.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>For a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/online\/2026\/07\/21\/talking-to-everyone-at-once-sheila-heti\/\">full transcript<\/a>, head over to the <\/em>New York Review of Books<em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">_________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>The Critic and Her Publics<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nHosted by Merve Emre <strong>\u2022<\/strong> Edited by Michele Moses <strong>\u2022 <\/strong>Music by Dani Lencioni <strong>\u2022 <\/strong>Art by<br \/>\nLeanne Shapton \u2022 Sponsored by Alfred A. Knopf<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>The Critic and Her Publics<\/em> is a co-production between the Shapiro Center for Creative Writing and Criticism at Wesleyan University, <em>New York Review of Books<\/em>, and Lit Hub.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to Season Four of The Critic and Her Publics: The Art of the Interview. This season, host Merve Emre talks with professional interviewers of all kinds about how they get the answer they&#8217;re looking for, what makes a good<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16133,"featured_media":275513,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43071,43069,11,43072,43110,43070,93330],"tags":[3512,41410,28008,5089,11600,111700,93331],"class_list":["post-275512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-craft-and-advice","category-craftandcriticism","category-fullwidth-slider","category-in-conversation","category-lithubradio","category-literary-criticism","category-the-critic-and-her-publics","tag-interview","tag-lit-hub-radio","tag-merve-emre","tag-podcasts","tag-rachel-syme","tag-the-art-of-the-interview","tag-the-critic-and-her-publics"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19FK","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/image-800x40010-1.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16133"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275512"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275512\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275513"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275482,"date":"2026-08-10T11:32:14","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T15:32:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275482"},"modified":"2026-08-10T11:38:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T15:38:36","slug":"we-live-inside-the-sun-who-studies-the-universe-changes-how-we-see-the-universe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/we-live-inside-the-sun-who-studies-the-universe-changes-how-we-see-the-universe\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cWe Live Inside the Sun.\u201d Who Studies the Universe Changes How We See the Universe"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On Wednesday, the small slice of humanity which is scattered across rural Russia, northern Spain, eastern Portugal, Iceland and Greenland will experience (and, if we\u2019re lucky, actually see) a total eclipse of the Sun. In Siberia, this ethereal dance will happen shortly after dawn; in Reykjavik, in the late afternoon; and, here in Valencia, the celestial pas-de-deux will boogie down just before sunset, right above the horizon.<\/p>\n<p>This will be the first complete solar concealment on continental Europe <a href=\"https:\/\/sci.esa.int\/web\/observational-astronomy\/-\/38064-total-eclipse-99#:~:text=Path%20of%20totality&amp;text=A%20total%20solar%20eclipse%20will,and%20spectacular%20event%20in%20itself.\">since 1999<\/a>. Total eclipses actually happen somewhere on Earth every 18 months. But, because the vast majority of our planet is covered in water and non-arid land, they are rarely observed by human eyes. (Not a single currently living Spaniard had been born when the Moon last fully eclipsed the Sun in these parts in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_eclipse_of_August_30,_1905\">1905<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>My solar posse will be a motley crew: gay friends who live in Valencia, a sprawling Mormon family who\u2019ve traveled all the way from Salt Lake City, and me, traveling not so far from Greece. But whether we be Mormons, Protestants, Catholics, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, nontheists, Black folks, white folks, Latinos, gays or straights\u2014when we view an eclipse, we share something fundamentally in common.<\/p>\n<p>For an eclipse day is a holy day of Sun worship.<\/p>\n<p>And it can remind us of the subjectivity and positionality of how we perceive the wonder of the universe\u2014and, paradoxically, the universal nature of the universe itself.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">\u201cThe universe\u2014including the human corners of it\u2014is enigmatic, queer, surprising, and endlessly fascinating. But we physicists are just people, no more, no less.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Two beautiful, very readable new books about astrophysics cover this sensation of wonder, which toggles between identity and infinity. <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781806770441\"><i>Invisible Rainbows: The Unseen Universe Beyond Our Senses<\/i><\/a> is by Dr. Alfredo Carpineti, a queer Italian astrophysicist and editor at IFL Science,\u00a0 and <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780593701683\"><i>The Edge of Space-Time: Particles, Poetry and the Cosmic Dream Boogie<\/i><\/a> is by Dr. Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire and scholar of Black feminist science studies. Both books depict how understanding the universe depends upon <i>who <\/i>is allowed to study (which, in turn, allows us to understand ourselves <i>beyond <\/i>ourselves). \u201cThere is a bizarre cultural tendency to treat physicists in particular as fascinating enigmas whose brains exist beyond the realm of everyday human politics,\u201d Prescod-Weinstein writes. \u201cThis isn&#8217;t true. The universe\u2014including the human corners of it\u2014is enigmatic, queer, surprising, and endlessly fascinating. But we physicists are just people, no more, no less.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen I look inside and see that I\u2019m nothing, that\u2019s wisdom. When I look outside and see that I\u2019m everything, that\u2019s love. And between these two, my life turns,\u201d the Hindu teacher Nisargadatta Maharaj once said. It\u2019s a phrase that resonates with me when I look up at the stars and ponder the vast spaces between them (and the space inside the atoms that make up \u201cme.\u201d) Using queerness, feminism, theoretical physics, Judaism, an Italian penchant for pasta, and the Black radical tradition, Carpineti\u2019s and Prescod-Weinstein\u2019s books helped a lay reader like me to navigate that wondrous space between the self and the universe in which \u201cmy life turns.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAs a Black physicist,\u201d Prescod-Weinstein writes while reflecting on Sun Ra\u2019s <i>Space is the Place<\/i>, \u201cI have tried to grow the seeds that my ancestors passed on to me. The ancestors could fly. I do too, whenever I am able to escape into looking at the universe through the lens of quantum fields.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Both she and Carpineti help us to perceive that when we look up at the Sun\u2014which I will be privileged to do with my naked eyes for about a minute during totality\u2014we are not looking at some far away star, nor do we need keep the physics of thinking about it far away, either.<\/p>\n<p>For we live inside the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>And it is our divine right to think about this.<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>\u201cScientific work does not exist in a vacuum,\u201d Carpineti asserts in<i> Invisible Rainbows,<\/i> \u201cits context in the social and historical sphere where it sits, matters.\u201d Dedicated to \u201call the queer kids reaching for the stars,\u201d Carpineti repeatedly reminds us that \u201cwhile science is incredibly precious to humanity, it can also be messy and political.\u201d <i>Who <\/i>observes the natural world, to a great degree, shapes <i>how<\/i> we understand that world\u2014how we might internalize a sense that the \u201ccosmos is within us. We are made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself,\u201d as Carl Sagan put it.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTo do cosmology\u2014to study the beginning of space, time, matter\u2014is to be a griot, a keeper of stories and history,\u201d Prescod-Weinstein asserts in<i> The Edge of Space-Time<\/i>, conjuring Black storytellers in the oral tradition.<\/p>\n<p>But who has <i>not <\/i>been allowed to study the stars is equally important, and a running theme in both books. Carpineti\u2019s eponymous rainbows are a rich site of inquiry, as rainbows have been a symbol of wonder for humanity in general long before the 1940 film <i>The Wizard of Oz<\/i> and Gilbert Baker\u2019s 1978 flag turned them into symbols of gay culture specifically. \u201cThe rainbows that you see are just for you,\u201d Carpineti notes, conveying a sense of relativity which is always key to understanding physics: \u201cNo one else in the entire Universe ever has or ever will see that rainbow.\u201d (Referring to \u201cqueer phenomenology,\u201d Prescod-Weinstein also stresses the importance of \u201cthe queer, poetic wonder that is our universe and what we gain when we look at it from the margins.\u201d) Composed of seven colors, rainbows are a manifestation in the human eye of light that is always around us. Indeed, as Carpineti breaks down, the universe is awash with \u201cseven broad categories\u201d of light: \u201cradio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma waves.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Carpineti and Prescod-Weinstein and their interlocutors repeatedly trouble the notion that the universe can be reduced to binaries.<\/p>\n<p>But, he warns, \u201cwe cannot discuss infrared light and ignore the controversy surrounding the naming of the largest space telescope after James Webb, who was involved in the mass dismissal of homosexual people from the US government in the 1950s.\u201d Prescod-Weinstein reports that when Edward Murrow was head of the U.S. Information Agency and \u201cwrote to NASA administrator James Webb in 1961 to suggest that the United States send \u2018the first non-white man to space,\u2019\u201d it was Webb who \u201creplied that such a choice was \u2018inconsistent with our agency\u2019s policies.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p>There \u201cis a tendency to talk about science as if it is a thing that exists outside of scientists\u201d while \u201cthe reality is that we scientists are story-crafting,\u201d Prescod-Weinstein notes. But many griots have been pushed out of their place in keeping the celestial story.<\/p>\n<p>To this end, <i>Invisible Rainbows <\/i>and <i>The Edge of Space-Time<\/i> both offer a correction to the exclusion of scientists and astronauts who were not straight white men, especially in their choices of interlocutors. In addition to Sun Ra, Prescod-Weinstein is in literary conversation with physicist Edward Bouchet (\u201cthe first African American to earn a PhD in the United States\u201d), poet Natasha Trethewey, sociologist Heba Gowayed, and <i>Star Trek<\/i> astronauts Lt. Uhura, Lt. Geordi La Forge, and Commander Benjamin Sisko. Meanwhile, introducing each interlocutor with their pronouns, Carpineti serves a \u201ctasting menu\u201d which is eaten over \u201cconversations with LGBTQIA+ astronomers from around the world\u201d and paired with queer-coded metaphors like a disco ball, cocktail recipes and Britney Spears songs. (\u201cMetaphor isn&#8217;t just a useful tool for communicating to general audiences about science,\u201d Prescod-Weinstein writes, \u201cit is part of how we make sense of science, part of how we make science. And it is important to note that it is <i>we <\/i>who make the science.\u201d) Carpineti\u2019s casual conversations span from talking black holes with <a href=\"https:\/\/skolwa.github.io\/\">Dr. Sthabile Kolwa<\/a> (she\/they) at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa, to dishing on asteroids which could destroy the Earth with planetary scientist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jhuapl.edu\/about\/people\/edgard-rivera-valentin\">Dr. Ed Rivera-Valentin<\/a> (he\/they) at Johns Hopkins in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Carpineti and Prescod-Weinstein and their interlocutors repeatedly trouble the notion that the universe can be reduced to binaries. If you want to understand physics, Prescord-Weinstein advises, \u201cYou must be willing, like Alice in Wonderland, to go through the looking glass, again and again,\u201d and be \u201cwilling to change your worldview when the math, the experiments, and even sometimes theories demand it.\u201d The arguments in <i>The Edge of Space-Time <\/i>make a compelling case against the current race to reduce understanding the world into a literal binary code of ones and zeros: the push for data centers and so-called \u201cartificial intelligence.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Despite their readability, both books are challenging to comprehend in parts\u2014especially when trying to explain the Big Bang and the origins of the universe. But, as Prescod-Weinstein notes, \u201cit&#8217;s okay to reread something that feels confusing for you the first time.\u201d Indeed, \u201cWe should learn and teach poetry, physics, algebra and other abstract ideas because they train us to think in symbolic and figurative terms\u201d (instead, I\u2019d add, of \u201ctraining\u201d computers to reduce the complex world to easily digestible binaries). In what I read as a pedagogical rebuke of \u201cwriting\u201d with Large Language Models or relying on apps like \u201cBlinkist\u201d to summarize whole books in 15 minutes\u2014not to mention universities turning education over to so-called \u201cAI\u201d\u2014Prescod-Weinstein writes that \u201cNot only is there nothing wrong with learning, there is also nothing wrong with having questions which are not readily answered.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For \u201cWhen you know a little about the abstract nature of the universe,\u201d she writes, \u201cit looks and feels different from before\u2014and no one can take that experience away from you.\u201d This is probably part of why, in 2024, the New York State Department of Corrections placed prisons on lockdown and let the guards watch the eclipse, but would not let tens of thousands of the imprisoned see it. (While a scant six people held in New York prisons <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/solar-eclipse-prison-lawsuit-44533719957e2999232597dcf327fd2d\">sued and won<\/a> the right to see the eclipse on religious grounds, everyone else will have to wait to see one in New York <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iloveny.com\/events\/eclipse-2024\/\">until 2079<\/a>\u2014a 55-year waiting period, during which most of them will die.)<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>Plagued by political problems very much of <i>this <\/i>planet, 2024 was probably the <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/false-profits-why-i-am-not-teaching-in-the-classroom-this-fall\/\">most difficult year of my life<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But the weight of those worries was lessened by two wonders: witnessing a total eclipse of the Sun and the Aurora Borealis for the first time.<\/p>\n<p>I had seen total lunar eclipses before. I can still remember the feeling of terror as I saw my first one, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timeanddate.com\/eclipse\/lunar\/1982-july-6\">in 1982<\/a>, as a small child. As the Moon turned red, my teenage sister Jinger told me it was because it was bleeding and the blood was going to fall to Earth. I screamed, averted my eyes, and covered my head to keep the blood from dripping on me. (Prescod-Weinstein is right about the power of metaphor affecting the science we make; though I never became the astronaut I dreamed of being when I went to Space Camp, I am now a phlebotomist who has studied blood as a social scientist for many years, and I often think about the Moon when I draw blood.) And I had witnessed several partial eclipses of the Sun, most recently <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017\">in 2017<\/a>\u2014an event which felt like it collapsed the 93 million miles between the Sun and my friends laying on our backs on a Bushwick, Brooklyn rooftop.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">\u201cEven though the Sun is about 400 times bigger than the Moon, it is also about 400 times farther away,\u201d which \u201cmakes the Sun and the Moon appear almost exactly the same size in our sky.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But <i>nothing <\/i>prepared me for the sensation when I was laying in the grass in Cape Girardeau, Missouri in 2024, next to my friend Carolyn and her kids, staring through glasses at the Sun and then\u2014as people began to scream in wonder\u2014taking them off and looking right up into the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>It was like looking into the face of God.<\/p>\n<p>Even being an adult who knew what was happening, I felt every bit of terror of that little boy cowering from the blood of the Moon. What must this have been like for people who had no idea what was happening millenia ago? <i>It must have felt like the end of the world!!!!!<\/i><\/p>\n<p>As I looked up, I began to weep. Similarly overcome, my friend\u2019s teenage son jumped up and began running around, as if possessed.<\/p>\n<p>I was raised in a tradition of Buddhist-infused Christianity that does not perceive Christ as the sole key to the divine, but as an example of how each person of any faith (or none at all) has the key to the divinity of the universe within them. Looking up into the Sun\u2019s corona that day made me feel the same sense Jesus conveys in the Gospel of Thomas: \u201cI am the light above everything. I am everything. Everything came forth from me, and everything reached me.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, \u201cAs the Moon covered the Sun, the whole place went silent for a moment before erupting into joyous screams\u201d Carpineti writes of viewing that same eclipse but from a beach in Mazatl\u00e1n, Mexico 1,750 miles away in <i>Invisible Rainbows.<\/i> \u201cIt felt akin to a religious experience.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Eclipses occur due to a mind-boggling cosmic coincidence: the Moon is about a quarter million miles from the Earth and the Sun almost 100 million away; and, at the same time, the Sun\u2019s diameter (about <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/sun\/facts\/\">865,000 miles<\/a> across) is about 400 times bigger than the Moon\u2019s (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/18135-how-big-is-the-moon.html\">2,159 miles<\/a>). As <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/eclipses\/geometry\/\">NASA explains<\/a>, \u201cEven though the Sun is about 400 times bigger than the Moon, it is also about 400 times farther away,\u201d which \u201cmakes the Sun and the Moon appear almost exactly the same size in our sky.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A <i>further <\/i>poetic accident: Because the Moon annually drifts a few centimeters away from us, it looks a little smaller from Earth every year and, eventually, will be too far away to create a total solar eclipse. (Not to worry about this in your lifetime, however; it will take more than 600 million years for the Moon to wander away from us for total eclipses to end.)<\/p>\n<p>When I experienced totality, it made me happy to be alive\u2014a sensation I rarely felt in 2024.<\/p>\n<p>But I did feel it a second time that year, <a href=\"https:\/\/abc7chicago.com\/post\/northern-lights-chicago-aurora-borealis-visible-area-delight-sky-gazers-amid-solar-storm\/15415888\/\">one night in October<\/a>, a particularly lonely time in Chicago after I had been <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/false-profits-why-i-am-not-teaching-in-the-classroom-this-fall\/\">suspended from teaching<\/a>. It was during a rare visible appearance of the Aurora Borealis over Lake Michigan. Because not just my eyes but my iPhone could show me usually-invisible rainbows, I had that sense I\u2019d felt a few months before, during the eclipse: that we are not looking <i>at <\/i>the Sun. We are <i>inside <\/i>the Sun. (Perhaps, we even <i>are <\/i>the Sun.)<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAurorae can be seen with the naked eye at higher latitudes (and at lower ones if the Sun is in a particularly active portion of its eleven-year cycle),\u201d Carpineti explains. \u201cCharged-up particles from the Sun interact with a planet&#8217;s magnetic field, following its lines that go from one pole to the other. These particles, usually electrons, eventually slam into the atmosphere, and, depending on the energy of the charged particles and their interaction with the magnetic field, they can penetrate more, slamming different gasses\u2014nitrogen or oxygen on Earth\u2014and produce different colors.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Like some of the scientists Carpineti speaks to, light itself fails to fit into a simple binary. \u201cLight is two things at once,\u201d Carpineti explains. \u201cLight is waves that travel across vacuum and transparent materials, and light is also particles, which we call photons, delivering energy in discrete packets.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Seeing the Aurora reminded me that whatever bullshit is plaguing us on this Earth, we are living inside \u201ca giant bubble around the Sun and its planets, known as the heliosphere,\u201d as NASA <a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/heliophysics\/focus-areas\/heliosphere\/\">explains<\/a>. This \u201cconstant flow of charged particles\u201d from the Sun is \u201ccalled the solar wind, which ultimately travels past all the planets to some three times the distance to Pluto before being impeded by the interstellar medium.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">For everything we eat, everything we do, everything we <i>are <\/i>is powered by the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>I think of this sometimes when I enjoy a tomato in the Mediterranean (where, when you look up at the yellow disk in the blue sky over Athens, you can easily imagine why the ancient Greeks perceived it to be a yellow disk being hauled by the god Helios and his four enormous winged horses). I think of the seed that began in the Earth, and poked its head up, and furled its leaves, like solar panels unfurled to power <i>Helios A <\/i>and <i>Helios B<\/i>\u2014probes launched by NASA in the 1970s to study the Sun. (Indeed, the only human objects to leave the heliosphere are <i>Voyager 1 <\/i>and <i>Voyager 2<\/i>\u2014and it took them more than three decades traveling at 38,000 miles per hour to reach interstellar space.)<\/p>\n<p>I also think of this while remembering another excellent book by a gay science writer, <i>Becoming Earth: How Our Planet Came to Life<\/i> by Ferris Jabr, which explores how life did not develop <i>on <\/i>the Earth as much as it developed <i>of <\/i>the Earth\u2014and, I\u2019d add, of our nearest star. (Remember, as Jesus put it in the Gospel of Thomas, how we both are and come from the \u201clight above everything,\u201d how Dave Bowman said \u201cMy God, it\u2019s full of stars\u201d in <i>2001<\/i>? The Sun can say to us, \u201cSplit wood. I am there. Lift up a rock, you will find me there.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>For everything we eat, everything we do, everything we <i>are <\/i>is powered by the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p>In lucid, poetic prose and with helpful diagrams and metaphors, <i>Invisible Rainbows <\/i>and <i>The Edge of Space-Time<\/i> invite us to explore our positionality in the universe\u2014and to have a sense of queer wonder about it. The entry point to doing so may be the grandeur of an eclipse or an aurorae (or the <i>Artemis II <\/i>shooting to the moon).<\/p>\n<p>But the light of the universe is all around us, even when we can\u2019t see it with the naked eye, waiting for us to understand it (and ourselves) better at all times.<\/p>\n<p>When <i>Voyager 1<\/i> looked back at Earth in 1990, it showed a tiny, \u201cpale blue dot\u201d without any political borders.<\/p>\n<p>And just as the shadow of the moon will pass over many-a-nation without knowing of such made-up borders, <i>Invisible Rainbows<\/i> and <i>The Edge of Space-Time<\/i> can help us to understand ourselves as citizens of the cosmos\u2014not of any one nation. As Prescod-Weinstein <a href=\"https:\/\/revealnews.org\/podcast\/chanda-prescod-weinstein-cosmos-space-time\/\">said <\/a>on <i>Reveal<\/i>, \u201cI think our current ecological circumstances teach us that patriotism conceptually, politically, socially, and from a futurist perspective has very limited value because our ecosystems don\u2019t actually have borders and the ecological impacts of things like bombing Iran and bombing Gaza. Just an hour of a fighter jet in the air, the amount of fuel it uses and the emissions that comes out of it, that is a problem for everybody on planet Earth, regardless of where they are.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd so,\u201d she added, \u201cI really think we will gain a lot from understanding ourselves as citizens of Earth. Citizens from a cosmic perspective, I actually think that that\u2019s one of the things the cosmic perspective offers us, is the opportunity to recognize that these social constructs are just that: social constructs, and that they don\u2019t necessarily serve our long-term survival.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On Wednesday, the small slice of humanity which is scattered across rural Russia, northern Spain, eastern Portugal, Iceland and Greenland will experience (and, if we\u2019re lucky, actually see) a total eclipse of the Sun. In Siberia, this ethereal dance will<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16376,"featured_media":275494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43069,6,43070,43444],"tags":[111693,111695,77939,108814,1258,1836,69823,111694,93587,32056,7591],"class_list":["post-275482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-craftandcriticism","category-features","category-literary-criticism","category-science","tag-alfredo-carpineti","tag-aurora-borealis","tag-dr-chanda-prescod-weinstein","tag-lunar-eclipse","tag-nasa","tag-physics","tag-quantum-physics","tag-solar-eclipses","tag-steven-w-thrasher","tag-the-moon","tag-the-sun"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19Fg","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/carpineti-and-prescod-weinstein.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16376"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275482"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275482\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275467,"date":"2026-08-10T06:30:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T10:30:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275467"},"modified":"2026-08-10T09:04:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T13:04:56","slug":"lit-hub-daily-august-10-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/lit-hub-daily-august-10-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Lit Hub Daily: August 10, 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"caption\"> TODAY: In\u00a01912, Virginia Woolf and Leonard Woolf marry. <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>On <em>The Catcher in the Rye<\/em> at 75, Hemingway, and <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/how-jd-salingers-experience-of-wwii-suffused-all-of-his-writing-even-catcher-in-the-rye\/\">the influence of war on the history of American masculinity<\/a>. | Lit Hub <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/category\/craftandcriticism\/literary-criticism\/\">Criticism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/for-50-years-the-major-oil-companies-have-known-theyre-destroying-the-planet\/\">Oil companies know they&#8217;re destroying the planet<\/a>, but they still choose profit. | Lit Hub <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/category\/newsandculture\/climate-change\/\">Climate Change<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Being online means being expected to perform, <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/the-toxic-appeal-of-big-reveal-content-on-social-media\/\">even during pregnancy<\/a>. | Lit Hub <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/category\/newsandculture\/technology\/\">Technology<\/a><\/li>\n<li>These books by Fred Turner, Shoshana Zuboff, Sarah Wynn-Williams, and more <a href=\"http:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\">expose the myths of Silicon Valley<\/a>. | Lit Hub <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/category\/readinglists\/]\">Reading Lists<\/a><\/li>\n<li>&#8220;I\u2019m named Eleanor because I was born a week after Eleanor Roosevelt came to Kansas City to campaign for her husband.&#8221; Read from <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/sunlight-finds-you\/\">Laura Moriarty&#8217;s new novel, <em>Sunlight Finds You<\/em><\/a>. | Lit Hub <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/category\/fictionandpoetry\/from-the-novel\/\">Fiction<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201cWe have traded a system that was biased and commercially distorted for one that is biased, commercially distorted, <i>and<\/i> prone to simply making things up.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bostonreview.net\/articles\/what-was-the-internet\/\"> Five writers reflect on the long fall of the internet<\/a>. | Boston Review<\/li>\n<li>\u201cIt deserves to live on not because of what it rejects but because of what it makes possible: thinking on the page, a hallmark of the humanities that is indispensable to their value.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/2026\/09\/higher-education-in-person-written-exams\/687954\/\">Walt Hunter on the humble, essential blue book<\/a>. | The Atlantic<\/li>\n<li>Homeland Security Investigations lied to try <a href=\"https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/post\/214096\/federal-law-enforcement-lied-journalist-arrested-anti-ice-protest\">to prosecute a journalist who covered anti-ICE protests in Minnesota<\/a>. | The New Republic<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jacobin.com\/2026\/08\/algeria-battle-algiers-pontecorvo-film\">After six decades, <i>The Battle of Algiers<\/i><\/a> still inspires ideas and actions. | Jacobin<\/li>\n<li>Justin Chang looks at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/culture\/the-current-cinema\/tony-late-fame-and-the-rocky-road-to-literary-stardom\">two new movies about writerly destinies<\/a>. | The New Yorker<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On The Catcher in the Rye at 75, Hemingway, and the influence of war on the history of American masculinity. | Lit Hub Criticism Oil companies know they&#8217;re destroying the planet, but they still choose profit. | Lit Hub Climate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":275470,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[45236],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-275467","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lit-hub-daily"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19F1","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virginialeonard1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275467"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275467\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275470"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275467"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275467"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275357,"date":"2026-08-10T05:10:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T09:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275357"},"modified":"2026-08-09T22:01:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T02:01:53","slug":"eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/","title":{"rendered":"Eight Books That Puncture the Myths of Silicon Valley"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>These are strange times for Silicon Valley. &#8220;Tech&#8221; no longer feels like a discrete industry, or a cluster of upstart companies in Palo Alto riding the optimism of the Obama years. It&#8217;s the infrastructure underpinning nearly every other industry. AI, cloud computing, logistics, finance, agriculture, retail, media: almost everything now runs through systems controlled by a handful of megacorporations. Their software coordinates how we work, communicate, consume, and, increasingly, how we think (nbd\u2026).<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s the central paradox: public resentment toward Big Tech has never been greater, and the AI boom has only widened the backlash. The technologies people rely on most are also the ones they trust least. For much of my millennial working life, companies like Apple, Google, Amazon, and Meta were cast as humanity&#8217;s best hope rather than one of its biggest problems. Today, executives are hauled before Congress. Antitrust cases keep piling up. Whistleblower memoirs have become international bestsellers. (Last summer, at the bookshop in Paris&#8217;s Orly Airport, <i>Careless People<\/i> was one of only two English-language books I could find\u2014the other was <i>Harry Potter<\/i>.) And yet, because these companies now underpin so much of modern life, outrage has done remarkably little to loosen their grip. We&#8217;ve reached the point where AI products have become daily habits even as we&#8217;ve lost any real trust in the corporations that made them.<\/p>\n<p>I left Google\u2014or perhaps &#8220;was expelled&#8221; is the more accurate verb\u2014in 2019, after helping organize the Google Walkout. Writing my memoir, <a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780063465145\"><i>Don&#8217;t Be Evil<\/i><\/a>, sent me searching for a broader explanation of how Silicon Valley became so powerful, so deeply distrusted, and still so difficult to meaningfully challenge. These are the books that most shaped my understanding of the place that has become the air we all breathe\u2014and, increasingly, choke on.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275359\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"272,400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"from counterculture to cyberculture\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275359\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture-204x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"204\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture-204x300.jpg 204w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture-41x60.jpg 41w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture-34x50.jpg 34w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 204px) 100vw, 204px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780226817422\"><em>From Counterculture to Cyberculture<\/em><\/a> by Fred Turner<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fred Turner is my GOAT. No one has done more to explain Silicon Valley&#8217;s founding mythology\u2014or to show how the industry has rendered the material consequences of its power strangely invisible. Turner has pointed out that Santa Clara County, the heart of Silicon Valley, is among the most polluted places in America, while roughly a quarter of local families experience food insecurity. Neither fact squares with the paradise the Valley tells about itself.<\/p>\n<p>At the center of the book is Stewart Brand, founder of the <i>Whole Earth Catalog<\/i> and a mythological figure in Valley lore (immortalized by Steve Jobs&#8217;s &#8220;Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish&#8221; Stanford commencement address). Turner shows how Brand and his countercultural contemporaries transformed the computer from a symbol of military bureaucracy into an emblem of personal freedom and self-expression.<\/p>\n<p>That moral vocabulary became Silicon Valley&#8217;s native language: Google didn&#8217;t just organize information; it empowered people. Facebook didn&#8217;t harvest attention; it connected humanity. AI companies aren&#8217;t merely building products; they&#8217;re democratizing intelligence.<\/p>\n<p>The genius and danger of that worldview is that it recasts political problems as engineering problems. Turner gave me a framework for understanding how a profoundly anti-institutional ethos took hold, one that treated democratic institutions as obstacles to be bulldozed on the way to cyber-utopia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275360\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,925\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"the age of surveillance capitalism\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275360\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-195x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"195\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-195x300.jpg 195w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-39x60.jpg 39w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-32x50.jpg 32w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 195px) 100vw, 195px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781541758001\"><i>The Age of Surveillance Capitalism<\/i><\/a> by Shoshana Zuboff<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Published in late 2018\u2014the very moment the Andy Rubin scandal broke and sparked the Google Walkout\u2014this book gave us language for something many of us had sensed but couldn&#8217;t yet articulate.<\/p>\n<p>Zuboff argued that Google&#8217;s real innovation wasn&#8217;t search or advertising but a new economic logic: treating human experience itself as raw material to be extracted, predicted, and sold. Whether or not you buy every part of her thesis, it&#8217;s hard to overstate her influence. She changed the terms of the debate. After Zuboff, it became much harder to see Google as simply another successful technology company rather than the architect of an entirely new form of power\u2014and capitalism.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275361\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/careless-people\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,912\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"careless people\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275361\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people-197x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"197\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people-39x60.jpg 39w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/careless-people.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 197px) 100vw, 197px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781250391230\"><i>Careless People<\/i><\/a> by Sarah Wynn-Williams<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Half the planet has read this already, but it belongs on the list anyway. (Bonus: a few familiar characters wander between Wynn-Williams&#8217;s book and mine\u2014a reminder that Silicon Valley is a very small world.)<\/p>\n<p>Wynn-Williams had crazy, passenger-on-the-corporate-jet-level access, and she makes the most of it. What emerges isn&#8217;t just a portrait of one dysfunctional company, but an account of what extraordinary concentrations of power do to the people who wield them. Executives become insulated from ordinary life, surrounded by loyalists, rewarded for what-the-boss-wants-to-hear optimism, and increasingly unable to tolerate dissent. Decisions affecting billions are made by a remarkably small circle whose incentives drift ever further from the public consequences of their choices. Institutional self-preservation trumps all.<\/p>\n<p>What felt incredibly familiar to me\u2014and satisfying to see named so clearly\u2014is how her Meta resembles less a technology company than a political machine: obsessively managing narratives, disciplining internal dissent, and justifying aggressive commercial expansion in the language of human connection. It&#8217;s ultimately less a book about Facebook than about what happens when any institution becomes so powerful that no one inside can tell its leaders no.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275362\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/private-government\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,928\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"private government\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275362\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government-194x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"194\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government-194x300.jpg 194w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government-39x60.jpg 39w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government-32x50.jpg 32w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/private-government.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 194px) 100vw, 194px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780691192246\"><i>Private Government<\/i><\/a> by Elizabeth Anderson<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A professor friend of mine (hi, Pete!) recommended this book around the time of the Google Walkout, when I was beginning to realize that, as righteous as we felt demanding greater accountability from Google, the company felt no obligation to provide it. It&#8217;s a slim, riveting manifesto that permanently changed how I think about work.<\/p>\n<p>Elizabeth Anderson asks a deceptively simple question: Why do we insist on democracy in public life while accepting authoritarian rule at work? Her answer is that corporations aren&#8217;t simply voluntary market arrangements. They are private governments, exercising extraordinary power over our speech, movements, relationships, and livelihoods with remarkably little democratic oversight.<\/p>\n<p>I thought about Anderson often as Google began changing its internal rules to restrict speech, discipline organizing, and punish people who spoke out\u2014moves that felt like abuses of power but offered little to no recourse, despite intense internal and public outrage. Once you begin seeing your employer as a private government rather than merely a workplace, it becomes very difficult to unsee. The perils of a society governed so extensively by corporations become impossible to ignore.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275363\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/virtue-hoarders\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,840\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"virtue hoarders\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275363\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders-214x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders-43x60.jpg 43w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders-36x50.jpg 36w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/virtue-hoarders.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781517912253\"><i>Virtue Hoarders<\/i><\/a> by Catherine Liu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Catherine Liu isn&#8217;t writing about Silicon Valley per se, but few books helped me understand my years at Google more. Her subject is the professional-managerial class: educated workers encouraged to channel political energy into symbolic virtue rather than structural questions of power, ownership, and class. It&#8217;s a powerful explanation for why so many elite institutions can look progressive while leaving their power structures untouched.<\/p>\n<p>Google excelled at this. I worked in marketing, producing campaigns for International Women&#8217;s Day, Black History Month, World Refugee Day, and YouTube&#8217;s endless &#8220;For Good&#8221; initiatives, spending enormous budgets to broadcast the company&#8217;s values. Sometimes it felt as though we were marketing those values to ourselves. Yet the questions Liu insists matter most remained largely off-limits: who held power, who held equity, whose labor made the system possible, who bore its costs, and who ultimately made the decisions. Looking back, the Google Walkout feels like a beautiful, almost innocent break with that worldview\u2014a moment when thousands of us still believed that if we appealed to the company&#8217;s stated ideals, it would choose those ideals over its own institutional interests.<\/p>\n<p><i>Virtue Hoarders<\/i> helped me see how performances of virtue help protect an institution amassing ever more power, becoming more centralized, more managerial, and less accountable to its workers. If Fred Turner helped me understand how Silicon Valley built its mythology, Catherine Liu helped me understand why so many of us \u201cPMC\u201d were invested in believing it\u2014and why breaking with that worldview felt less like quitting a job than leaving a cult.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275364\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/uncanny-valley-4\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,920\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"uncanny valley\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275364\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley-196x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"196\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley-39x60.jpg 39w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/uncanny-valley.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781250785695\"><i>Uncanny Valley<\/i><\/a> by Anna Wiener<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <i>n+1<\/i> essay that eventually became <i>Uncanny Valley<\/i> crossed my desk while I was still very much in the field at Google, and it dropped my jaw.<\/p>\n<p>Wiener was the first writer I&#8217;d encountered who captured the peculiar psychological atmosphere of Silicon Valley from the inside: the startup jargon, the free gourmet lunches, and the quasi-religious conviction that everything from sheet music to the rhythm method was ripe for &#8220;disruption.&#8221; She is an exquisite observer of the Valley&#8217;s most absurd, alienating, and atomizing tendencies\u2014and of how they accumulate into a genuine psychological toll.<\/p>\n<p>Reflecting on the everyday frictions Silicon Valley promised to eliminate, she writes: &#8220;Warm laundry, radio, waiting for the bus&#8230;they made me feel human.&#8221; She flips Silicon Valley&#8217;s central premise: what the industry treats as inefficiency, she recognizes as the texture of being alive. It&#8217;s a quiet but radical proposition. Few books have so precisely diagnosed what it felt like to live inside the spell\u2014or why so many of us yearn to break it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275365\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/technofeudalism\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,906\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"technofeudalism\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275365\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism-40x60.jpg 40w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/technofeudalism.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781685891244\"><i>Technofeudalism<\/i><\/a> by Yanis Varoufakis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Written by Greece&#8217;s former finance minister, <i>Technofeudalism<\/i> argues that capitalism hasn&#8217;t merely become monopolistic; it has been supplanted by a whole new economic order.<\/p>\n<p>Varoufakis&#8217;s central claim is that companies like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Apple no longer succeed primarily by competing in markets and producing goods, but by owning the digital infrastructure on which everyone else depends. These platforms function less like traditional capitalist firms than feudal estates, extracting rent from businesses, creators, and users who have little choice but to operate on their terrain.<\/p>\n<p>Reading <i>Technofeudalism<\/i> helped me make sense of the transformation I witnessed firsthand at Google. The company I joined sold search; the company I left increasingly governed the infrastructure through which billions of people found information, communicated, worked, and now, with AI, think. My story is about what it felt like inside that transition. Varoufakis explains the economic logic behind it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275366\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/empire-of-ai\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,913\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"empire of ai\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275366\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai-197x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"197\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai-39x60.jpg 39w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/empire-of-ai.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 197px) 100vw, 197px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780593657508\"><i>Empire of AI<\/i><\/a> by Karen Hao<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I came to Karen Hao&#8217;s riveting <i>Empire of AI<\/i> as a latecomer. I&#8217;d left Google before AI swallowed Silicon Valley whole, and for years I had little interest in catching up with its new cast of characters. Hao changed that.<\/p>\n<p>While AI is sold as humanity&#8217;s next great leap forward, Hao shows that it rests on the same foundations as the last technology boom: labor exploitation, resource extraction, and the concentration of corporate power. AI doesn&#8217;t replace Silicon Valley&#8217;s business model. It supercharges it.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve been out of my day-to-day tech life for quite a few years now, but the language seems to have barely changed. Companies racing to build AI are simultaneously constructing the infrastructure that hospitals, schools, militaries, and governments increasingly rely on, all while wrapping themselves in the same messianic rhetoric about &#8220;benefiting humanity&#8221; that I heard every day at Google. The stakes are higher, but the ideology is remarkably unchanged.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">___________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275358\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/eight-books-that-puncture-the-myths-of-silicon-valley\/dont-be-evil-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"350,529\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"dont be evil (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275358\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1-198x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"198\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1-40x60.jpg 40w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dont-be-evil-1.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9780063465145\">Don&#8217;t Be Evil: Bad Bosses, Fake Promises, and My Escape from Big Tech<\/a> <em>by Claire Stapleton. Copyright \u00a9 2026. Available from William Morrow, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>These are strange times for Silicon Valley. &#8220;Tech&#8221; no longer feels like a discrete industry, or a cluster of upstart companies in Palo Alto riding the optimism of the Obama years. It&#8217;s the infrastructure underpinning nearly every other industry. AI,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31536,"featured_media":275368,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6,43092,43135,43445],"tags":[9830,31430,101403,30220,111600,111667,111671,86845,111668,56926,111670,338,101438,66232,8611,111673,111669,43184,111672,15438,33756],"class_list":["post-275357","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","category-newsandculture","category-readinglists","category-technology","tag-anna-wiener","tag-big-tech","tag-careless-people","tag-catherine-liu","tag-claire-stapleton","tag-dont-be-evil-bad-bosses-fake-promises-and-my-escape-from-big-tech","tag-elizabeth-anderson","tag-fred-turner","tag-from-counterculture-to-cyberculture","tag-harpercollins-publishers","tag-private-government","tag-reading-list","tag-sarah-wynn-williams","tag-shoshana-zuboff","tag-silicon-valley","tag-technofeudalism","tag-the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism","tag-uncanny-valley","tag-virtue-hoarders","tag-william-morrow","tag-yanis-varoufakis","story-type-silicon-valley"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19Df","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/silicon-valley-1.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275357","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31536"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275357"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275357\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275368"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275357"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275357"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275130,"date":"2026-08-10T05:10:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T09:10:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275130"},"modified":"2026-08-09T22:00:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T02:00:02","slug":"how-jd-salingers-experience-of-wwii-suffused-all-of-his-writing-even-catcher-in-the-rye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/how-jd-salingers-experience-of-wwii-suffused-all-of-his-writing-even-catcher-in-the-rye\/","title":{"rendered":"How JD Salinger\u2019s Experience of WWII Suffused All of His Writing, Even <em>Catcher in the Rye<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Among the things troops carried with them on the battlefields of World War II was the \u201cheart shield bible\u201d\u2014a pocket-sized, government-issued book of scripture, sometimes with a metal cover, that fit snugly in a G.I.\u2019s standard-issue shirt pocket. In at least one remarkable case, this good book acted as life-saving armor. Generally, though, the Bible served its traditional purpose: to calm the conscience and divine celestial meaning.<\/p>\n<p>When, at the age of 23, a draftee named Jerome David Salinger was sent to the front lines, he rejected Christian allegories, and wrote his own saga, complementing his battlefield kit with blank paper and a typewriter. Once, when his unit came under heavy fire, a soldier running for cover caught a glimpse of Salinger hunched under a table, clacking away like a frenzied newsman on deadline.<\/p>\n<p>Now known internationally by his nom de plume, J.D. Salinger, the young conscript experienced many of the war\u2019s most terrifying chapters. He stormed the beaches of Normandy, fought in the Battle of the Bulge, and helped liberate Kaufering, a subcamp of Dachau. Partial drafts of his work were carried along with him, soaked in Salinger\u2019s sweat and imbued with his raw, instinctive reactions to conflict. His reflections were, in turn, refined into some of the first American texts to unapologetically challenge the pious image of the G.I. and the pretty myths about warfare. Salinger\u2019s words also powerfully undercut America\u2019s intoxicating model of masculinity, then, now, and forever the major motor driving U.S. military recruitment.<\/p>\n<p>Salinger\u2019s piercing stories quickly made him one of the loudest and most successful voices of the so-called Silent Generation. Like many, Salinger emerged from the war severely traumatized. He examined his wartime experience entirely through his writing of fiction. Rarely did he speak or write about his own service record, though his fleeting moments of personal candor were chilling. \u201cYou never really get the smell of burning flesh out of your nose entirely,\u201d he once confided to his daughter. \u201cNo matter how long you live.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Salinger\u2019s words also powerfully undercut America\u2019s intoxicating model of masculinity, then, now, and forever the major motor driving U.S. military recruitment.<\/p>\n<p>His thoughts and theories about World War II were often disguised within domestic plot lines or set in military locales far away from the front lines. Only once did Salinger write about active conflict, in an unpublished short story called \u201cThe Magic Foxhole,\u201d which catalogues the lost limbs (and minds) of some of America\u2019s \u201csoldier boys\u201d during the bombing of Normandy. It\u2019s a gruesome tale, especially for its time, one that feels like Salinger\u2019s own tortured mediation on survivor\u2019s guilt. Perhaps in writing it, Salinger was trying to negotiate whether his remarkable survival through some of the war\u2019s worst gauntlets could be chalked up to dumb luck, or divine intervention.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Magic Foxhole\u201d opens with a potent symbol of war\u2019s profanity: a military chaplain crawling around frantically on all fours amid crashes of shellfire, searching for his glasses. God was nowhere to be seen. We then meet a young soldier named Gardner who miraculously navigates into all the foxholes spared from bombing. Gardner remains physically unscathed, but his mind has begun to unravel. At one point, he hallucinates another man in his foxhole with a futuristic helmet whom he believes to be his yet-to-be-born son, Earl.<\/p>\n<p>While Gardner \u201clooked nuts,\u201d Salinger clarifies that he \u201cwasn\u2019t a loony.\u201d Rather, he writes, Gardner is overcome with a form of battle fatigue \u201cwhen you get to look like you\u2019re dead, or when you start telling everybody real loud that you wish you was a civilian and not in no goddamn Army.\u201d Near the end of the story, Gardner pledges to kill his imaginary son to spare him war\u2019s toll, but backs out upon his wish to be transformed into a noble soldier. \u201cI was going to shoot him,\u201d Gardner explains coldly. \u201cBut he said he wanted to be here.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Much of Salinger\u2019s other writing during the war was channeled through a thinly fictionalized version of himself named Holden Caulfield. Holden is witty, cynical, and highly acidic, a self-described atheist who ruthlessly assails the war and its attendant institutions. After the armistice, Salinger returned home to Connecticut, where he refined his fragments into a fully coherent novel, <i>The Catcher in the Rye<\/i>, which turns 75 this year. It placed Holden at a private school outside Philadelphia named Pencey Prep, which was a stand-in for Salinger\u2019s real alma mater: Valley Forge Military Academy. Salinger first arrived at the \u201cForge,\u201d as insiders call it, in 1934 after flunking out of the Manhattan prep school McBurney, on Central Park West. He was fifteen years old.<\/p>\n<p>The Forge largely catered to \u201cbad apples,\u201d and could be quite punishing. Shortly before Salinger matriculated, a cadet fell to his death from an academy window under suspicious circumstances. Like many cadets, Salinger was conflicted about the place. He penned a sentimental poem in his class yearbook that\u2019s still recited at school gatherings, and in personal correspondence, he demonstrates a deep affection for the cadets who shared his experience. But he also channeled intense frustrations about the school in <em>Catcher<\/em>. While the Boy Scouts\u2019 in-house organ, \u201cBoy\u2019s Life,\u201d advertised the Forge as a bastion of military leadership, Salinger showed it be a repository for lost boys. \u201cThey don\u2019t do any damn more molding at Pencey than they do at any other school,\u201d Holden reflects on page one. \u201cAnd I didn\u2019t know anybody there that was splendid and clear-thinking and all. Maybe two guys. If that many. And they probably came to Pencey that way.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In Salinger\u2019s narrative, Pencey is plagued by a population of troubled youth, crooked teachers, and spoiled rich kids, a mixture that often begat abuse. The Forge was itself becoming exactly this, a mutant form of America\u2019s most elite military academy, West Point, which was unleashed on a far younger study body. The school back then had a solid curriculum and robust extracurricular offerings, including a world-class band that played for numerous dignitaries, which later in the century would include President Richard Nixon. But there was also a kinetic, cold-blooded hazing environment thanks to the large swath of unruly cadets of all ages and backgrounds. This included, for a time, King Simeon, the exiled boy monarch of Bulgaria. While spit-shining his boots one day in the fall of 1958, Simeon declared to a local reporter his thirst to regain power abroad. \u201cI was born to the crown,\u201d he grumbled, \u201cand I never abdicated, nor signed any papers giving up my reign.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While subsequent military service was not mandatory at the Forge, as with most other military schools of this ilk, it nonetheless hosted a strong, voluntary officer commissioning program, plus a recruiting pipeline to the service academies. In turn, schools like the Forge birthed a new military archetype, whose adherents were often privileged, scrappy, and damaged\u2014just as Holden Caulfield was.<\/p>\n<p>Holden eagerly rebels against Pencey Prep, gets the boot, and flees to New York City, a place with its own vices and hazards, but without the sort of propaganda and pretense that obscure the school\u2019s dark underside. Like most private military schoolboys, Holden is young. At sixteen he speaks with the resigned tone of a battle-drained war veteran. He\u2019s grappling with pent-up sexual energy, a bad cigarette habit, and a bleak view of the world. In their 2013 biography Salinger, David Shields and Shane Salerno posit that <em>Catcher<\/em> was deeply informed by Salinger\u2019s experience on the front lines. They report that he was hospitalized for psychiatric treatment during his time as an Army intelligence agent, where, among other things, he undertook harsh interrogations.<\/p>\n<p>He emerged from this experience \u201cincapable of believing in the heroic, noble ideals we like to think our cultural institutions uphold.\u201d We see Salinger\u2019s harsh sentiments about World War II early in <em>Catcher<\/em>, when Holden details the service of his brother, D.B. He informs Holden that the U.S. Army is \u201cpractically as full of bastards as the Nazis were.\u201d On furlough, D.B. was despondent. \u201cAll he did was lie on his bed, practically,\u201d Holden reports. \u201cHe hardly ever even came in the living room.\u201d The passage is eerily similar to Salinger\u2019s own state of mind while in uniform, specifically on a day that should have evoked ecstasy. When, on May 8, 1945, the Germany Army finally surrendered, Salinger spent the day in Europe alone, lying on a cot and staring at a .45-caliber pistol clutched in his hand, fantasizing about shooting his palm. Upon its publication in 1951, <i>Catcher<\/i> quickly became one of the most censored books in America.<\/p>\n<p>While by the mid-50s the American boy\u2019s fever for military validation was beginning to break, not everyone would get well. The literary poster child for the old type of soldier was Ernest Hemingway, who, like many men of his generation, had preordained military service as a child. As a kid in the early 1900s, Hemingway had reasoned simply that war was what \u201cmen had always done.\u201d His starry-eyed thoughts about the service were blurry, and his vision was, too. After the Army rejected Hemingway from the ranks at eighteen due to his poor eyesight, he joined the Red Cross as an ambulance driver, navigating the front lines of Italy during World War I before being wounded in successive incidents by mortar and machine-gun fire.<\/p>\n<p>Hemingway later found a second alternative path to battle, as a newspaperman. In August 1944, as part of his coverage of World War II, Hemingway took up arms to support the liberation of Paris. Soon after, he met with Salinger in the newly liberated city of love, more specifically at the bar of the Ritz hotel, where he had spent the lion\u2019s share of his time since liberation day, holding court and swigging Perrier-Jou\u00ebt champagne. Hemingway commended Salinger, then a twenty-five-year-old staff sergeant, on his short stories, and the two conversed for hours. \u201cYou have a marvelous ear,\u201d Hemingway later wrote to Salinger. \u201cAnd you write tenderly and lovingly without getting wet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Salinger saw in Hemingway a writer god and a kindred spirit. Still, he sometimes bristled at Hemingway\u2019s unrelenting machismo, which, Salinger felt, often involved withholding the full truth of a soldier\u2019s existence. In <i>Catcher<\/i>, Holden derides Hemingway\u2019s <i>A Farewell to Arms<\/i> as a \u201cphony book.\u201d Salinger\u2019s young alter ego also watches a war movie whose sentimentality nearly makes him vomit. Salinger once confided to a friend that he felt negatively toward Hemingway\u2019s \u201coverestimation of sheer physical courage, commonly called \u2018guts,\u2019 as a virtue\u201d before admitting that \u201cI\u2019m short on [guts] myself.\u201d\u2014a rare admission for Salinger of military masculinity\u2019s prevailing hold on his psyche.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Hemingway clearly saw truth in Salinger\u2019s overriding thesis: that among the many things war destroyed were important parts of the self, like childhood innocence, inner peace, and optimism.<\/p>\n<p>Below the surface of Hemingway\u2019s puffery was poorly disguised pain. His work is wrought with tension around the invigorating, often self-destructive relationship between the American man and militarism. Nowhere is this interplay clearer than in <i>The Sun Also Rises<\/i>, a book about a war hero whose wounds have rendered him sexually impotent. Despite the differences between the two writers, Salinger came away from the Ritz rejuvenated to write. He was also surprised and somewhat comforted by Hemingway\u2019s soft demeanor in person. Hemingway clearly saw truth in Salinger\u2019s overriding thesis: that among the many things war destroyed were important parts of the self, like childhood innocence, inner peace, and optimism. While Hemingway never commented about <i>Catcher<\/i> publicly, he was said to have stored a dog-eared copy of the novel, personalized by Salinger, in his beloved Havana abode.<\/p>\n<p>In an unpublished 1995 letter to a former Valley Forge classmate, Salinger expressed some regret for a sunny three-stanza poem he had written just before graduation, which was put on display in the school chapel after the author got famous. It reads, in part:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Hide not thy tears on this last day<br \/>\nYour sorrow has no shame;<br \/>\nTo march no more midst lines of gray;<br \/>\nNo longer play the game.<br \/>\nFour years have passed in joyful ways\u2014<br \/>\nWouldst stay those old times dear?<br \/>\nThen cherish now these fleeting days,<br \/>\nThe few while you are here.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Salinger, then seventy-six, seemed to think his assessment of his alma mater had been too saccharine. \u201cI\u2019ve planned for years to stop by and either tear the exhibit down or at the very least add a little obscene graffiti at the bottom,\u201d he wrote to his friend. Salinger reflected, too, on the \u201cinteresting collection of misfits\u201d he had befriended at the Forge, and the memories they shared, bad and good.<\/p>\n<p>Still, it was leaving military school that brought Salinger the greatest joy: \u201cThough [the Forge], to me, was on the whole a thoroughly bad joke, its pretenses and posturing irreversibly sham, contemptible,\u201d Salinger wrote, \u201cI wonder if I ever again felt as free, as gratefully on the loose, as I did on that pretty walk to Wayne and the diner on a Sunday after signing out.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In another as-yet unpublished piece of writing shared by his son, Matt, Salinger lamented the \u201cprofound handicap\u201d produced in Americans at an early age. He called it an \u201cunhealthy respect for nominal authority.\u201d Speaking for himself, Salinger wrote: \u201cThe conditioning was variable and yet incessant in my childhood and youth. The absolute authority of my parents (who were ignorant people), the absolute authority of almost all public elementary teachers in the twenties and thirties (most of whom, or many of whom, were power-lovers, sour old maids, with rare and beautiful exceptions), and then, later, military school and the ruthless authority, absolute power of the faculty and cadet officers and non-coms (as terrible a bunch, on the whole, as the mind can imagine).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The flip side of Salinger\u2019s bleak depiction is a childhood full of free expression and natural development, unburdened by the power, rules, and discipline imposed by world-weary adults and those prone to power.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">______________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275132\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/how-jd-salingers-experience-of-wwii-suffused-all-of-his-writing-even-catcher-in-the-rye\/god-forgives-brothers-dont\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,910\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"god forgives brothers dont\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275132\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont-198x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"198\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont-40x60.jpg 40w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/god-forgives-brothers-dont.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/132\/9781668087190\">God Forgives, Brothers Don&#8217;t: The Long March of Military Education and the Making of American Manhood<\/a> <em>by <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jasper Craven is available from Atria\/One Signal Publishers, an imprint of Simon &amp; Schuster.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Among the things troops carried with them on the battlefields of World War II was the \u201cheart shield bible\u201d\u2014a pocket-sized, government-issued book of scripture, sometimes with a metal cover, that fit snugly in a G.I.\u2019s standard-issue shirt pocket. In at<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31463,"featured_media":275206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43102,43069,6,43070],"tags":[77551,6456,111538,6053,111537,7786,14584,731,6056,877],"class_list":["post-275130","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biography","category-craftandcriticism","category-features","category-literary-criticism","tag-atria-one-signal-publishers","tag-ernest-hemingway","tag-god-forgives-brothers-dont-the-long-march-of-military-education-and-the-making-of-american-manhood","tag-j-d-salinger","tag-jasper-craven","tag-masculinity","tag-military","tag-simon-and-schuster","tag-the-catcher-in-the-rye","tag-war","story-type-masculinity"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19zA","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-only-known-photo-of-j-d-salinger-1919-2010-writing-the-v0-sxlqd6sdkity-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31463"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275130"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275130\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275206"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275130"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275158,"date":"2026-08-10T05:09:35","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T09:09:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275158"},"modified":"2026-08-10T07:18:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T11:18:24","slug":"the-toxic-appeal-of-big-reveal-content-on-social-media","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/the-toxic-appeal-of-big-reveal-content-on-social-media\/","title":{"rendered":"The Toxic Appeal of \u201cBig-Reveal\u201d Content on Social Media"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>For well over a century now, families have sported rows of rictus grins for the camera, but the subgenre of family portraiture (and, later, video clips) dedicated to conception, gestation, and birth is very much a product of the social media age. Pregnancy announcements, \u201cbump\u201d portraiture, and gender reveals are all visual conventions that were born with social media.<\/p>\n<p>Part of this is coincidental; cultural norms and infant survival rates changed dramatically over the course of the twentieth century. Pregnancy announcements perhaps would have been popular during the early days of still photography, but because of the persistently high rates of pregnancy loss and infant mortality well into the middle of the century, it wasn\u2019t customary to turn reproduction into a public spectacle. There was simply too much risk involved. Grief was too bound up with reproduction to allow for much celebration until an infant was safely past their vulnerable first few months on earth.<\/p>\n<p>Attitudes about women\u2019s bodies also conspired to keep pregnancies shrouded behind modest, tentlike maternity wear. Women\u2019s bodies and the fetuses they carried were not entirely their own; they belonged to husbands, and a family\u2019s respectability depended on the maintenance of a strict boundary between public and private. Showing off a bump was hardly fashionable until the early \u201990s. When Demi Moore appeared naked and seven months pregnant on the cover of <i>Vanity Fair <\/i>in 1991, the public was not ready. Many newsstands censored the issue\u2019s cover, as though it were pornography.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Of course, when it comes to bodies on screens, there are always rules about what to represent, and how. <\/p>\n<p>Representations of pregnant bodies were utterly transformed in the thirty years following Moore\u2019s famous cover. Pregnancy went from being a private experience to a public display\u2014an opportunity to demonstrate physical fitness, sexual desirability, wealth, and moral rigor through disciplined adherence to health recommendations. It\u2019s hard to overstate the degree to which the pregnant cis female body has become a vessel for late modernity\u2019s most cherished, stubborn fantasies about femininity and power. Even as birth rates fall, a pregnant body remains an object of nearly pathological fascination.<\/p>\n<p>But it\u2019s also much simpler than that\u2014a matter of a match between a biological phenomenon that has become more public as health conditions and birth rates have changed and a communications medium that loves a visual surprise: a bump, a reveal, an unplanned reaction. With a built-in countdown accompanied by telltale visual signs, a pregnant body is a perfect subject for social media. Viewers are invited to scrutinize\u2014is she or isn\u2019t she?\u2014and then to watch the body transform, to surprise even the pregnant person. Every pregnancy feels somehow unprecedented, and social media is a medium that creates novelty out of ordinary life.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, when it comes to bodies on screens, there are always rules about what to represent, and how. Displaying pregnancy the \u201cright\u201d way has become as rigidly codified as pregnancy was tightly controlled and hidden a century ago. This is a rare circumstance in which more open representation has not necessarily translated into more freedom of behavior. Pregnancy is hyperscrutinized on social media, which in turn has given rise to a set of stringent visual conventions. Pregnancy offers social media audiences an opportunity to surveil a gradual transformation like amateur naturalists, and it elevates a routine biological process into a spectacle of status and economic fitness.<\/p>\n<p>Fat women, for example, are not given the chance to perform pregnancy the \u201cright\u201d way on social media. The visual form demands a stark contrast between the protruding belly and the slimness of the rest of a woman\u2019s body. The need to emphasize this contrast is often why pregnant women pose with their hands in the \u201cbump hands\u201d position, framing their midsections so as to avoid any possible misreading by the audience: <i>I am pregnant, but<\/i> <i>I am not fat. <\/i>Bump hands are code for the \u201cright kind of pregnancy.\u201d They\u2019re a gesture of victory on the brutal playing field that is having a body in public.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">But the rigor with which the rules of permissible pregnancy are maintained makes them impossible to ignore.<\/p>\n<p>Pictures abound of small pregnant bodies that conform to the ruthless rules about how healthy women are supposed to look (and behave), but women with bigger bodies often completely disappear from view when they become pregnant. This self-enforced seclusion reinforces a shared visual language on social media. Pregnancy, like family happiness, is meant to look a certain way. Since we began using these digital tools, we\u2019ve been telling the story of pregnancy the same way, and every time we re-create its narrative with images, we further consecrate it.<\/p>\n<p>Women whose bodies don\u2019t align with the ideal don\u2019t enjoy the elevated status that social media confers on small-bodied pregnant women. Often, women who can\u2019t flaunt \u201cfit\u201d pregnancies hide themselves from social media altogether. Likewise, the postpartum period is fraught for many women; there is, for one thing, a stubborn cultural fixation with \u201cbouncing back\u201d and quickly returning to a prepregnancy size. For the countless women who either never bounce back or bounce back slowly, social media can add a layer of shame.<\/p>\n<p>Rochelle, a twenty-five-year-old teacher\u2019s assistant whom I met in New Orleans, was expecting her second child. She hadn\u2019t shown her body on social media since her first pregnancy. \u201cBecoming a mom and going through postpartum and stuff, I am not ready to show myself as who I am now,\u201d she told me. \u201cI feel like I\u2019ve changed. My body has changed. I have to get comfortable in who I am again, and then I\u2019ll post myself again.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The years since Moore\u2019s <i>Vanity Fair <\/i>cover have seen a complete one-eighty in how pregnancy is represented in media. Previously, it was a site of strictly enforced feminine modesty, but now it\u2019s a site of physical fetish. We idolize women who \u201ccarry a basketball\u201d while their upper arms remain as slender as a child\u2019s. Posed pregnancy photos often have more than a hint of sexual energy, as women are given tacit permission, per the norms that currently govern social platforms, to reveal their bare bellies as long as their skin is stretched taut, with no excess fat showing. One could argue that this is progress; at least pregnant women are permitted their sexuality rather than being immediately shunted into the category of sexless matrons. But the rigor with which the rules of permissible pregnancy are maintained makes them impossible to ignore.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the first twenty years of our history as digital storytellers, family-life representation has continued on the same trajectory that started with the fantasy-family home videos first made by amateur filmmakers in the 1920s and \u201930s. This era, which we could call the \u201csay-cheese\u201d era, is giving way to a new age of visual storytelling characterized by an orientation toward what we can call, broadly speaking, the \u201cbig reveal.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The big-reveal era was technically born on YouTube in 2008, when Jenna Karvunidis, an American blogger, shared what\u2019s considered to be the first-ever gender-reveal video, in which she and her family cut into a cake with an inner layer of pink icing and all reacted with surprise that they would be welcoming a girl. For the next seven years, YouTube was the primary place where videos were shared, and editing tools were not quite as accessible as they needed to be for most people to create content. Videos were the domain of professional vloggers and bloggers.<\/p>\n<p>That began to change in 2015, when media companies started to \u201cpivot to video\u201d in response to pressure from Facebook and advertisers. Although this pivot is associated with a seismic media shift away from writing and toward video content, one can also see its impact in the things that everyday people shared on their own social platforms beginning around this time. Just as writers were being laid off en masse from media companies like MTV, Mashable, and Vice Media, ordinary people around the world were experimenting with video as a new way to tell stories on social media. Starting with Vine (which was sold to Twitter in 2012, resulting in its dissolution) and gaining traction with the wide adoption of TikTok in 2018 and finally Instagram Reels in 2020, video offered new affordances for telling stories of reproduction.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">The appeal of big-reveal content lies in its promise of authentic human emotion.<\/p>\n<p>Video allows for the capture of emotion in one essential way that still photography can\u2019t compete with: It can reward suspense and document surprise, and it can invite viewers to experience surprise vicariously. This is the essence of big-reveal content, which has come to set a certain tone in social storytelling about family reproduction.<\/p>\n<p>Big-reveal content includes marriage proposals, pregnancy and gender reveals, and emotional reunions at airport arrival lounges. This type of content is based on generating an affective commodity of sincere surprise. Sincere emotion\u2014surprise in particular\u2014has become a crucial X factor for creating engaging social media content in an era of increasingly crowded and noisy social media feeds. A decade ago, someone sharing a special memory on Instagram would have been doing so for an audience of friends who were using social media with the intention of consuming precisely this type of content. It was an effective marriage of form and content, a place to share important moments with people who were predisposed to care.<\/p>\n<p>Today, our social feeds contain at least as much advertising as content created by our chosen networks. These networks have ballooned to include celebrities, brands we like, meme accounts we follow, local personalities from our communities, and suggested posts based on what our friends consume. It\u2019s a roiling stew of stimulation, and it\u2019s a lot for the average person to try to compete with in terms of capturing the attention of a friend mid-scroll.<\/p>\n<p>Platform algorithms have evolved to jerk our emotions around like marionettes. It\u2019s an affective onslaught, and a quiet little family picture is simply not going to register amid all the spectacle. Big reveals operate to compete within the dizzying churn by making a spectacle out of commonplace family reproduction. They are a consequence of the ever-intensifying emotional terrain of social media, in which we are continuously baited in bids for our attention.<\/p>\n<p>The appeal of big-reveal content lies in its promise of authentic human emotion. Decades of scrolling have dulled our senses somewhat; this is inevitable. After years of seeing enough photos of fabulous wealth and horrible tragedy, these types of images cease to shock us. It\u2019s getting harder and harder to get through to us at all. But the big reveal offers the promise of something \u201creal\u201d that \u201chappens.\u201d It\u2019s all that most of us are really looking for when we\u2019re scrolling. It\u2019s all that most of us are really looking for at all, really.<\/p>\n<p>In this way, big-reveal content commodifies authentic human emotion. As big reveals continue to occupy an important place in the lexicon of family storytelling on social media, their tropes are manifesting off-screen. Although I haven\u2019t found any studies to back this up, I am confident through anecdotal observation that young children are learning to exaggerate their reactions, probably as much because of the affective patterns they are picking up from YouTubers as from family members, but the source code is the same: Having internalized the challenge of attracting and holding attention, we instinctively know that bigger reactions are more eye-catching than subtler ones. The content that we create and consume is teaching us what kind of behavior gets attention, and big-reveal content is among the major ways these lessons are transmitted.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\">__________________________________<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275159\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/the-toxic-appeal-of-big-reveal-content-on-social-media\/the-story-of-your-life\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life.jpeg\" data-orig-size=\"298,450\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"the story of your life\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life.jpeg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275159 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life-199x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life-199x300.jpeg 199w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life-40x60.jpeg 40w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life-33x50.jpeg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-story-of-your-life.jpeg 298w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>From <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/a\/2186\/9780593834114?prhc=PRHEFFDF5A7F1\">The Story of Your Life<\/a> <em>by Kathryn Jezer-Morton, published by Viking, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright \u00a9 2026 by Kathryn Jezer-Morton.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For well over a century now, families have sported rows of rictus grins for the camera, but the subgenre of family portraiture (and, later, video clips) dedicated to conception, gestation, and birth is very much a product of the social<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31470,"featured_media":275160,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[11,43287,43092,43445],"tags":[91762,111545,111546,4980,3647,5582,111544,8680],"class_list":["post-275158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fullwidth-slider","category-health","category-newsandculture","category-technology","tag-comparison","tag-kathryn-jezer-morton","tag-online-persona","tag-pregnancy","tag-social-media","tag-technology","tag-the-story-of-your-life","tag-viking"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19A2","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/pregnancy-post.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31470"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275158"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275158\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":275152,"date":"2026-08-10T05:09:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T09:09:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/?p=275152"},"modified":"2026-08-03T21:50:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-04T01:50:35","slug":"for-50-years-the-major-oil-companies-have-known-theyre-destroying-the-planet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/for-50-years-the-major-oil-companies-have-known-theyre-destroying-the-planet\/","title":{"rendered":"For 50 Years the Major Oil Companies Have Known They\u2019re Destroying the Planet"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Near the end of the first century AD, in the highlands of northern Spain, the Roman governor, philosopher, and naturalist Pliny the Elder watched as mining cleaved a landscape. \u201cWhat happens is far beyond the work of giants,\u201d he said. Throughout the province, he saw gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead mines where hillsides were \u201cattacked\u201d with iron wedges and hammers, and mountains \u201cbored with corridors and galleries.\u201d Those doing the excavating would not see the sunlight for months, and many of them died within the tunnels. Finally, once the rock was hollowed out, the miners would deliberately force a collapse, removing roof supports or even pumping tunnels full of water.<\/p>\n<p>Pliny wrote of how the rock\u2019s \u201cown weight brings the shattered mountain down in widespread destruction, with a roar that can scarce be imagined by the mind of man and causing a rush of air powerful beyond belief. Nature lies in ruins before the eyes of the conquerors.\u201d This style of mining, he said, was called Ruina Montium: the fall of mountains. It was imponderably tough, backbreaking work. The \u201cstubborn\u201d durability of the rock was surpassed only, he said, by \u201cthe most stubborn thing of all, the hunger for gold.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For years Pliny had followed the progress of his empire\u2019s extractivism with increasing disquiet. \u201cWe trace out all the veins of the earth,\u201d he wrote, \u201cwe penetrate into her entrails, and seek for treasures in the abodes even of the <i>Manes<\/i>,\u201d the subterranean world of the spirits of the dead. Certainly, the ghosts of Roman extraction have persisted. In just a few centuries the empire dug up and smelted so much copper that its toxic emissions reached the Arctic troposphere and came to fall in snow on Greenland\u2019s ice sheet, where scientists in the 1990s found atmospheric pollutant levels in ice cores that weren\u2019t exceeded until the later twentieth century. One of the largest copper mines of Imperial Rome, the Wadi Fanyan in Jordan, turned an entire landscape into an industrial wasteland that has continued to poison the surrounding environment up to the present day, with high concentrations of metal contamination from its original operations still found in the living tissues of plants and livestock.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Yet there were, he acknowledged, some uncertainties remaining\u2014in particular over the speed at which the world\u2019s oceans could absorb CO\u2082.<\/p>\n<p>Pliny saw in the scale of these works the portents of some future tragedy. This \u201chunger for gold,\u201d for wealth, and for status (the \u201cmost stubborn thing of all\u201d), had, he lamented, already grown too strong for civilization to resist. \u201cIt is what is concealed from our view,\u201d he wrote, objects \u201csunk far beneath\u201d the surface of our world, \u201cthat urge us to our ruin, that send us to the very depths of hell. As the mind ranges in vague speculation, let us only consider, proceeding through all ages, as these operations are, when will be the end of thus exhausting the earth, and to what point will avarice finally penetrate!\u201d<\/p>\n<p><i>What\u2019s the timescale on exhaustion<\/i>? <i>How far will the hunger for wealth go? <\/i>Extraction is nothing new. We can follow it back millions of years, to our ancient ancestors first chipping flints out of rock faces and sharpening them into blades and utensils. But mass extraction fueled by <i>unchecked <\/i>avarice? Extraction propelled by a global financial system that demands perpetual growth, even unto infinity? That is something different. Something that the \u201cveins of the earth\u201d\u2014 which, if they replenish at all, replenish on timescales far, far beyond human civilization\u2014may not bear.<\/p>\n<p>Pliny\u2019s Roman Empire gave us Ruina Montium. Today, however, we are forced to confront the possibility that the convergence of the modern empires of economics, politics, and extraction has metastasized into Ruina Planetae: a whole planet on the cusp of \u201clying in ruins before the eyes of its conquerors.\u201d Before <i>us<\/i>. How did we get here? And how do we\u2014or even can we\u2014avoid this fate?<\/p>\n<p>In August 1979, exactly a year after I was born into oil-boom Shetland, one of the world\u2019s biggest oil supertankers, berthed in a refinery dockyard on another island\u2014the rather more tropical setting of Aruba in the Caribbean\u2014was being fitted out with a state-of-the-art climate-monitoring laboratory.<\/p>\n<p>The supertanker was called the <i>Esso Atlantic<\/i>, and it belonged to the oil giant Exxon. Two years earlier, in 1977, James Black, a senior company scientist, had given a presentation to the Exxon Management Committee\u2014including the company chairman, president, and senior vice presidents\u2014telling them that there was \u201cgeneral scientific agreement\u201d that mankind was warming the global climate \u201cthrough carbon dioxide release from the burning of fossil fuels\u201d\u2014to such an extent that it could ultimately threaten the future of humanity.<\/p>\n<p>Over the following year Black refined his presentation for more widespread internal company distribution. He included figures indicating that the doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere could increase average global temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees Celsius, and perhaps as much as 10 degrees Celsius at the poles. \u201cSome countries would benefit but others would have their agricultural output reduced or destroyed,\u201d he said. \u201cMan has a time window of five to ten years before the need for hard decisions regarding changes in energy strategies might become critical.\u201d Yet there were, he acknowledged, some uncertainties remaining\u2014in particular over the speed at which the world\u2019s oceans could absorb CO\u2082.<\/p>\n<p>This was where the floating laboratory on the <i>Esso Atlantic <\/i>came in. Exxon\u2019s science division equipped the supertanker with custom-made instruments for detecting and measuring oceanic and atmospheric CO\u2082. As it transported oil back and forth between the Gulf of Mexico and the Persian Gulf, the ship simultaneously gathered samples from the air and the water\u2014the key part of a three-year, $1 million research project that combined empirical data gathering with sophisticated climate modeling. As Harold Weinberg, an Exxon research manager, put it in an internal memo: What could be more appropriate than that \u201cthe world\u2019s leading energy company and leading oil company take the lead in trying to define whether a long-term CO\u2082 problem really exists, and if so, what counter measures would be appropriate\u201d? It was a project, he continued, \u201caimed at benefiting mankind.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">Yet in the years that followed, Exxon\u2019s messaging\u2014internal and, in particular, external\u2014changed. <\/p>\n<p>Exxon\u2019s scientists believed that they were already at a crucial moment\u2014for their own company and, more broadly of course, for the planet. \u201cOur goal,\u201d said the supertanker project\u2019s scientific manager, Henry Shaw, \u201cwas to complete the carbon cycle to understand where global carbon production would end up and then make forecasts of how the system would react in the future.\u201d If the data from the <i>Esso<\/i> <i>Atlantic <\/i>showed that the world\u2019s deep oceans had a high rate of CO\u2082 absorption, then it might allow Exxon and the wider fossil fuel industry to defer decisions on oil and gas production, and any energy transition, perhaps for generations. If, on the other hand, the absorption rate was low, and the capacity of the oceans as a carbon sink was limited, then, Shaw said, the Exxon scientists would deliver the \u201cbad news\u201d to the corporation.<\/p>\n<p>That bad news duly came, amassed in multiple reports, internal memos, and data sets, including a series of graphs plotting historical and contemporary concentrations of atmospheric CO\u2082 alongside global temperatures, and showing how both were set to soar upward in the near future (these models, informed by the readings taken from the <i>Esso Atlantic<\/i>, have proven so accurate that they have tracked real changes in carbon dioxide and temperature almost perfectly over the forty years between then and now).<\/p>\n<p>In 1982 a corporate document produced by the company\u2019s environmental affairs department\u2014circulated widely to Exxon management but marked not to be \u201cdistributed externally\u201d\u2014made it clear that preventing global warming \u201cwould require major reductions in fossil fuel consumption,\u201d or \u201cpotentially catastrophic events\u201d would begin to occur. Internal correspondence saw disputes over the timing and potential severity of these events\u2014a 1981 communication between two Exxon climate researchers argued about just how \u201ccatastrophic\u201d the impacts would be by the year 2030, with one believing they would be minimal, and the other suggesting that they could already be devastating for \u201ca substantial fraction of the earth\u2019s population.\u201d While the company scientists acknowledged that gaps still remained in their understanding of the dynamics of climate change, there was broad consensus on the earth\u2019s rapidly warming future, and the overwhelming reasons for it: Exxon\u2019s own business.<\/p>\n<p>Yet in the years that followed, Exxon\u2019s messaging\u2014internal and, in particular, external\u2014changed. Out of the wealth of climate data that the company itself had generated, one word became preeminent: <i>uncertainty<\/i>. By 1988, company memos showed a pivot toward a public affairs strategy designed to \u201cemphasise the uncertainty in scientific conclusions regarding the potential enhanced greenhouse effect.\u201d That was the same year as the foundation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body created to independently assess the science related to the world\u2019s climate. When the IPCC produced its first report in 1990, it affirmed that the continued burning of fossil fuels made the warming of the planet \u201ccertain,\u201d and recommended cuts of 60 to 80 percent of emissions to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO\u2082.<\/p>\n<p>During the final session to agree the report\u2019s summary for policymakers, Exxon\u2019s chief climate researcher, Brian Flannery\u2014attending as a representative of the International Petroleum Industries\u2019 Environmental Conservation Association\u2014argued that these cuts were far too severe \u201cin the light of all the uncertainties about the behavior of carbon in the climate system.\u201d (Five years earlier, Flannery had coauthored a paper for the U.S. Department of Energy that projected global warming of up to 6 degrees Celsius by the end of the twenty-first century unless greenhouse gas emissions were reduced. It was quite a shift in perspective).<\/p>\n<p class=\"pullquote\">If the models <i>are <\/i>\u201clousy,\u201d it might mean the end of the company. If they are not, it means the end of the planet, or at least humanity\u2019s place on it.<\/p>\n<p>The IPCC report concluded that the threat to the planet was existential if the status quo continued. Exxon effectively concluded the opposite: that the threat to its own business\u2014and to the fossil fuel industry in general\u2014was existential if it <i>didn\u2019t <\/i>continue. In 1989, Exxon cofounded the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), an alliance of many of the world\u2019s largest energy companies\u2014including the American Petroleum Institute, the National Coal Association, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce\u2014an organization that spent the next decade lobbying and campaigning against any government plans to curb emissions. In 1992 the GCC\u2019s executive director wrote to the <i>New York Times<\/i>, emphasizing the \u201cconsiderable debate\u201d over whether or not burning fossil fuels really was \u201ctriggering a dangerous \u2018global warming\u2019 trend\u201d; and then the Coalition produced a half-hour film called <i>The Greening of<\/i> <i>Planet Earth<\/i>, which claimed that increasing atmospheric CO\u2082 would actually boost crop yields and end world hunger.<\/p>\n<p>Exxon\u2019s new chief executive, Lee Raymond, used uncertainty as a mantra in his public speeches. In 1996 he told the Economic Club of Detroit that \u201ccurrently, the scientific evidence is inconclusive as to whether human activities are having a significant effect on the global climate.\u201d Speaking to the World Petroleum Congress in Beijing in 1997\u2014just weeks before the Kyoto Protocol, the first international meeting of governments to actively agree to begin collective emissions reductions\u2014he said that \u201cwe need to understand the issue better, and fortunately, we have time\u2026It is highly unlikely that the temperature in the middle of the next century will be significantly affected whether policies are enacted now or 20 years from now.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For over ten years the company ran a series of advertorials across major newspapers with headlines like UNSETTLED SCIENCE, WITH CLIMATE CHANGE WHAT WE DON\u2019T KNOW <i>CAN<\/i> HURT US, and CLIMATE CHANGE: A DEGREE OF UNCERTAINTY. One advert placed in the <i>Washington Post <\/i>in 2000 criticized independent researchers for putting a \u201cpolitical cart before the scientific horse\u201d and using \u201cunreliable models\u201d that were \u201cnot yet capable of predicting Earth\u2019s global climate.\u201d This so incensed the U.S. Federal Government\u2019s chief scientist on global warming, Michael MacCraken, that he wrote directly to Exxon\u2019s board of directors and their chief executive, Lee Raymond.<\/p>\n<p>MacCraken\u2019s great- grandfather had been chief legal counsel to the company\u2019s founder, John D. Rockefeller (and had refused to take shares in the original company to ensure that his \u201copinions would not be tainted by the economic implications of his advice\u201d). \u201cWhat I rather imagine he would say,\u201d MacCraken wrote of his great-grandfather, \u201cis that you are on the wrong side of history, and you need to find a way to change your position.\u201d As he put it, \u201cto be in opposition to the key scientific findings is rather appalling for such an established and scientific organization.\u201d What the company was doing, MacCraken said, \u201cwas equivalent to turning your back on the future and putting your head in the sand.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Regardless, a full decade and a half later, Exxon\u2019s new chief executive, Rex Tillerson, was still pushing the uncertainty line to a 2015 annual shareholders\u2019 meeting. It was better to wait until the science was absolutely clear, Tillerson said. Because what if the company did act, and \u201cit turns out our models are lousy, and we don\u2019t get the effects we predict?\u201d <i>What if <\/i>\u2026 Tillerson presented it as a zero-sum game. If the models <i>are <\/i>\u201clousy,\u201d it might mean the end of the company. If they are not, it means the end of the planet, or at least humanity\u2019s place on it. Presumably the shareholders would prefer the latter.<\/p>\n<p>Exxon was far from alone in its historical awareness of CO\u2082 and rigorous research into its ongoing ecological impacts\u2014and in its subsequent shift toward dismissing or denying the veracity of its own science. Researchers studying corporate archives have found similar evidence of detailed knowledge of the risks of carbon emissions in the 1970s, in the oil companies Total and Shell, and in Ford and General Motors; in the 1960s in the U.S. coal industry; and in the 1950s in the American Petroleum Institute.<\/p>\n<p>So here is one answer to Pliny\u2019s question. <i>This <\/i>is the point to which avarice will finally penetrate. To the opening up of a rift from nature so absolute that economics and vested interests float free from measurable reality. To the world\u2019s largest energy companies taking the lead not in understanding the consequences of their businesses, but in arguing that there <i>are no consequences<\/i>. To the economics and politics of denial. To a world where the truth is whatever you want it to be. Or, rather, whatever your money wants it to be.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\">__________________________________<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"275156\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/for-50-years-the-major-oil-companies-have-known-theyre-destroying-the-planet\/the-vanishing-earth\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"852,1301\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"the vanishing earth\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-671x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-275156 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-196x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"196\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-196x300.jpg 196w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-671x1024.jpg 671w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-768x1173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-39x60.jpg 39w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth-33x50.jpg 33w, https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/the-vanishing-earth.jpg 852w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>From <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/bookshop.org\/p\/books\/the-vanishing-earth-dispatches-from-the-frontiers-of-extraction-james-crawford\/eb896b53a64b32cf?ean=9781639733224&amp;bkshp-astro=t\">The Vanishing Earth<\/a><i>. Used with the permission of the publisher, Bloomsbury. Copyright \u00a9 2026 by James Crawford<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Near the end of the first century AD, in the highlands of northern Spain, the Roman governor, philosopher, and naturalist Pliny the Elder watched as mining cleaved a landscape. \u201cWhat happens is far beyond the work of giants,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1456,"featured_media":275157,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43108,6,43092,43095,43444],"tags":[111542,2880,5791,111543,25070,51780,2751,111541],"class_list":["post-275152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change","category-features","category-newsandculture","category-politics","category-science","tag-big-oil","tag-bloomsbury","tag-climate-change","tag-exxon","tag-james-crawford","tag-profit","tag-science","tag-the-vanishing-earth"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5rKFr-19zW","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/exxon.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1456"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275152"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275152\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lithub.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]